Contents of this article
- 1.What is the name of the current King of Qatar?
- 2.What does Amir mean in Arabic?
- 3.What does emirate mean?
- 4. What is the difference between a caliph and a sultan?
What is the name of the current King of Qatar?
Qatar belongs to the Arab nation, and the name of the head of state is "Emir", which has the same meaning as the names such as "King", "Sheikh" and "Monarch" in the Arab region.
What does emir mean in arabic
The "Amir" of Afghanistan is also translated as "Amir", and the old translation is "Emir". It comes from Arabic and originally means "the person who has been ordered" and "the person in power". In Islamic countries, the upper-level rulers, princes, The title of military commander. Originally a title for an Arab commander, it is now a title for some heads of state in a hereditary monarchy. Its meaning is relatively general and extensive: from its military commander, it is translated into governor; from its function, it is also translated into king, chief, chief, leader, chief, officer, etc.; it is also seen that some people translate its function as the highest title of aristocrat into prince, prince, etc. The Grand Duke waits.
Since the Umayyad Dynasty, the feudal lords, chiefs, and governors of various places under the Caliphate (the title of the theocratic leader of an Islamic country) have been called "Emirs". Later, the director of the Caliphate Palace Guard and the military governor of the capital also used this term. this title. Since the 9th century, some semi-independent and independent local feudal dynasty rulers still use this name. During the Seljuk Empire and the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt from 1250 to 1517, it became the title of feudal lords and military governors of various provinces. In today's Arab countries, it is also used to address princes, princes, monarchs or chiefs. For example, the King of Morocco is still called the "Emir of the Mumin". The heads of some countries (such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, etc.) are also called "Emirs".
What does emirate mean?
Emirate (Arabic: إمارة English: Emirate, also translated as "Emir State") is an area ruled by an emir (chief), similar to a monarchy. The chief was originally the leader of the tribe. Modern emirates generally refer to countries in the Arab world headed by sheikhs and tribal leaders.
These countries became British colonies in the 19th century and all achieved independence. The United Arab Emirates is made up of seven emirates. Each emirate is also ruled by its emir (chief), and the seven emirs (chiefs) establish an electoral college to choose the president and prime minister of the federation. Other emirates include Kuwait, Qatar, and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
geography
It covers an area of 83,600 square kilometers (including coastal islands). Located in the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula and bordering the Persian Gulf to the north, it is a federal country composed of seven emirates: Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Fujairah, Umm Al Quwain and Ajman.
It borders Qatar to the northwest, Saudi Arabia to the west and south, and Oman to the east and northeast. Except for a small amount of mountains in the northeast, most of the territory is depressions and deserts below 200 meters above sea level. It has a tropical desert climate, hot and dry.
Reference for the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Emirates
What is the difference between Caliph and Sultan?
In ancient times, different civilizations had different names for the supreme ruler of the empire. For example, the supreme ruler of our country has experienced the transformation of "Queen", "King", "Emperor", "Son of Heaven", and "Emperor". The Emperor, a combination of the three emperors and the five emperors, is the supreme title and the "king of kings".
In the Islamic world, there are also different titles for rulers:
1. Caliphate
Caliph literally means heir, the successor of the "Prophet" Muhammad.
After Muhammad's death, his important political assistant and military adviser Abu Bakr became the first orthodox caliph. From then on, the caliph became the name of the supreme leader in the Islamic world, similar to our country's emperor, but not exactly the same. .
Our country has always been a secular society, while the Arab Empire has been a theocracy from the beginning. The caliph is not only the "emperor" of the empire, but also the supreme leader of the Islamic world.
2. Emir
Emir means "the one who is appointed" and "the one in power" in Arabic.
Starting from the second caliph Omar, the caliph was also called "Amir al-Mu'minin" (Amir al-Mu'minin), which means emir, meaning military commander.
After the four caliphate periods, the Arab Empire was divided into two stages: the Umayyad Dynasty and the Abbasid Dynasty. Starting from the Umayyad Dynasty, the highest officials sent by the empire to each province were called emirs, which means local " Governor".
Later, the emir became the highest title of the Arab empire's nobles, and the local emir gradually became the "king" of the separatist party. These emirs only formally recognized the highest status of the caliphate, but in fact they had achieved independent status. status.
The title Emir is still used in some Arab countries. For example, the king of Morocco is still called Emir.
3. Sudan
Sultan originally meant "strength", "ruling power" and "judgment power" in Arabic. Its original meaning was actually equivalent to that of emir.
The first regime to be called a sultan was the Ghaznavid dynasty.
The Arab Empire was at its peak during the Abbasid Dynasty, but starting from the 9th century AD, the Abbasid Dynasty, like the Tang Empire, gradually lost its center to local princes. The Tang Dynasty was divided into vassal towns, and the local governors of the Arab Empire also became de facto independent kingdoms.
At the same time, the Turks began to rise as mercenaries within the Arab Empire, and the Ghaznavid dynasty, a regime established by the Turks, rose during this period.
The title of the Ghaznavids was also Emir at first, but by the time of the second monarch Mahmud, the Ghaznavids and another Turkic regime, the Karakhanids, divided the Persian Samanid dynasty, and its territory expanded greatly. So Mahmoud asked the caliph in Baghdad for new titles - Sultan.
Originally, it was not new for the caliphs of the Arab Empire to give new titles to local governors, but the title "Sultan" became famous in history because of the next two empires.
One is the Seljuk Empire
In 1040 AD, the Ghaznavids and the Seljuks fought a decisive battle in Dandankan. In this battle, the Ghaznavids army suffered a disastrous defeat. Another Turkic group, the Seljuks, began to rise and replaced the Ghaznavids. status, this is the Seljuk Empire.
In 1055 AD, the Seljuks invaded Baghdad, replaced the Persians in the Arab Empire, became the real rulers of the empire, and inherited the title of "Sultan" of the Ghaznavid dynasty.
However, during this period, the title of Sultan was roughly equivalent to the title of Regent, while the theocratic "Caliph" only remained in the name of Islamic spiritual leader.
Second, the Ottoman Empire
The territory of the Seljuk Empire stretched from Central Asia to Asia Minor. It was known as the "King of the East and the West" and it was very prosperous for a while.
Later, the Seljuk Empire was defeated by Yelu Dashi in Xiliao in the Battle of Katwan in 1141 AD and began to fall apart. The Asian part was replaced by Khwarezm, and the West Asian part formed the Sultanate of Roma.
The Ottoman Empire was a branch of the Sultanate of Roma.
After the establishment of the Ottoman Empire in 1299 AD, it inherited the title of "Sultan" inherited from the Ghaznavid Dynasty ~ Seljuk Empire ~ Rom Sultanate. At this time, the Arab Empire had been destroyed by the Mongols in 1258. The Sultan became a veritable king of the empire.
In 1453 AD, the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II captured Constantinople and destroyed Byzantium for thousands of years. From then on, the Ottoman Sultan became the emperor of the Roman Empire.
In 1517 AD, Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire invaded Egypt and destroyed the Mamluk dynasty here and the puppet caliph Mutawakil in Egypt.
After that, the Ottoman Sultan was not only the Sultan, but also the "Caliph" of the Arabs and the Emperor of Rome. The title of Sultan became famous all over the world because of the power of the Ottoman Empire.
4. Vizier
Vizier, this word actually comes from Persian, and was originally an official position in the Sasanian Dynasty of Persia.
The Abbasid dynasty of the Arab Empire was established with the support of the Persians. Its administrative system was actually a replica of the Persian Empire, and the official position of "vizier" was a concentrated expression of it.
The vizier is the chief minister of the imperial caliph. He upholds the will of the caliph, exercises state administrative power, and handles state and religious affairs. In a word, he is the Prime Minister of the Empire.
In 1922 AD, the sultanate system of the Ottoman Empire was abolished and the Ottoman Empire fell;
In 1923 AD, Kemal Kemal established the Republic of Türkiye;
In 1924 AD, Kemal abolished the caliphate system.
From then on, the "antiquity" of the Islamic world came to an end, and of course the glory of the medieval period disappeared with it.
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the aftershocks are the source of today's chaos in the Middle East.
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