Contents of this article
- 1. Pictures of the differences between Yachiyo and Otome hearts
- 2.comsol Richards equation
- 3.What is this bacteria called?
- 4. What movie did the delivery guy watch in the TV series "Biji"?
Pictures of the difference between Yachiyo and Otome hearts
The stems of Yachiyo and Otome Heart are different. Yachiyo is an obvious woody stem, while Otome Heart is a fleshy stem; Yachiyo leaves are more yellow-green, while Otome Heart's leaves are like bananas, and the color is blue-green; Yachiyo has fewer lateral buds, and The base of Otome Heart is also green, and Otome Heart has many side buds, which are all pink and white; Otome Heart's leaves will be pink.
Sedumcorynephyllum Fr_d. is a perennial succulent plant in the Sedum family. The plant is in the shape of a small shrub, up to 30 cm tall, with many branches. The leaves are loosely clustered at the top of the branches. The flesh of the leaves is cylindrical, with a flat surface and a slight upward and inward curve. The top is rounded and blunt. When old plants or plants grow poorly, the leaves at the lower part of the stem shrink or fall off and grow many aerial roots. Small yellow flowers bloom in spring.
comsol Richards equation
Richards equation
A mathematical model describing the growth and decline of biological populations. L. Von Ber-talanffy (1938, 1957) first proposed that changes in animal body weight are proportional to the rates of synthesis and catabolism, and are described by the rates of these processes when the population y < 1/e. F.J. Richards (1959) deduced the Van Bertalanffy model as a curve in which the growth rate or instantaneous rate, that is, dy/dt changes with t, and proposed the following form of plastic growth model:
dy/dt＝rRy(1-ym-1)/(m-1)
In the formula, rR is the rate parameter; m is the slope parameter, whose value can range from 0 to infinity. When m=0, the model can be transformed into an exponential model, when m=2, it can be transformed into a logistic model (see logistic model), and when m is close to 1, it can be transformed into a Gumpertz model (see Gunn Bertz's equation). Therefore, this is a very malleable model (see figure). The integral form of this model is:
Its linear equation is:
The constant B also varies with the value of m. When m<1, B=1-y0(1-..., when m>1, B=y0(1-m)-1, where y0 is the initial value of y. This model has good adaptability It can be used to describe the dynamics of plant disease epidemics. However, since the value of m is difficult to determine, its practicality is not as good as the logistic model or the Gumberts model (Xiao Yueyan).
Richards model curve
A:m=0.0; B:m=1.0; C:m=2.0; D:m=2.7
Lychee diseases
litchi diseases
Qi Peikun
By 1919, nearly 20 species had been reported in China. Important ones are frost blight, felt disease, anthracnose and storage period diseases.
frost blight
It was first reported in Taiwan Province in 1934 in China, and was recorded in the mainland in the early 1950s. Now the disease is serious in the old production areas of Guangdong and Fujian. Lychee flowers, young fruits, mature fruits, fruit stems and fruit branches are all damaged. In high humidity, the young leaves are also damaged. The diseased leaves are partially chlorotic, the diseased branches are partially browned, the diseased flowers and young fruits fall early, and the diseased spots on the mature fruits are not visible. Regular, edgeless, reddish-brown, eventually the pulp will become sour, rotten and dripping with water. When wet, the diseased part will develop a layer of white mold, which is the fruiting body of the pathogen. The pathogen is Peronophythora litchii Chen ex ko et al., which belongs to the oomycete family of the order Peronospora. The anamorphic state is like downy mildew, with multi-stage limited growth of cystic stalks, and the morphological state is like Phytophthora, which cooperates with the same clan and can form oospores in the field or on the culture medium. The maximum growth temperature is 30°C, the highest amount of sporangia is produced at 22-25°C, and sporangia can be formed at 11-30°C. Sporangia form zoospores at 8 to 22°C, and it only takes 20 minutes to form zoospores at 14°C. The germination rate is the highest at 8 to 16°C, and germ tubes are formed at 26 to 30°C. Each stage of the infection process requires high humidity to cause damage. Under high humidity conditions, litchi can be infected at 11 to 30°C. The incubation period is less than 1 day at 25°C and extends to 7 days at 11°C. , so the lack of disease-resistant varieties, frequent rainy days during lychee flowering and fruiting, and frequent pathogen infection are the main reasons for the prevalence of field diseases. If the weather is sunny during the harvest period and the humidity is high during transportation, a large number of lychees will become moldy after being put on the market. In addition to lychees, the pathogen also damages papaya seedlings in the field. It mainly overwinters in the soil as oospores and becomes the initial source of infection in the following spring. The source of bacteria during storage and transportation comes from diseased fruits in the field. Disease control should be based on chemical control. Spray Aphrodisiac, vitriol or aluminum ethylphosphonate before flowering; use disease-avoiding varieties to significantly reduce the incidence; avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizers.
Felt disease
Mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and other provinces and autonomous regions. The damage rate of large trees over 20 years old is very high, sometimes reaching more than 70%. Drought during the flowering period induces the occurrence of gall mites, causing the flower spikes to dry up. When the leaves are damaged, irregular lesions appear, with bulging fronts and concave backs, densely covered with rusty brown fuzz, and many gall mites among the fuzz. After several months, the lesions dry up and the fuzz sometimes falls off in pieces; the young branches When damaged, the tips will be deformed; when the flower spikes are damaged, the flower organ will be rusty brown, the calyx will be swollen and inverted bell-shaped, and also covered with downy material, and the whole spike will often be deformed and shrunk; when the fruit is damaged, the shape will be small, taste sour, and the lesions will be irregular, Slightly protruding, like multiple lesions on one fruit, quite similar to viral disease symptoms. The pathogen is the lychee gall mite, which is a mite and belongs to the order Acari. Adult mites are light red or milky white, with two pairs of forward-facing legs on the body; the eggs are nearly round, colorless and transparent, with a smooth surface. Fruit trees that are old and have dense crowns are severely damaged, and young leaves that cannot be directly exposed to sunlight are more susceptible to damage. Most adult mites and nymphs overwinter in the villi on the back of leaves, or on flower buds and leaf buds. In February and March of the following spring, when the temperature rises above 18-20°C, they begin to move, and some nymphs migrate to flowers. It feeds and reproduces on ears, leaf buds or young leaves, and continues to spread. Usually the new leaves taken out in August and September are the most severely affected. It is spread by air currents and breezes, and high-inoculation seedlings can spread over long distances. For control, diseased leaves on seedlings should be removed and destroyed, new seedlings should be cultivated using high-altitude layering, and diseased leaves should be removed to prevent the spread; lime sulfur mixture, dicofol, dicofol or various acaricides should be sprayed during the flowering period in early spring.
anthrax
Distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Fujian and other provinces and autonomous regions. China first reported damage to lychee fruits in 1985. In orchards where frost blight has been controlled and reduced, anthracnose has increased year by year. Nearly round or irregular brown spots are formed on the leaves, or large brown or gray-brown patches are formed on the leaf tips and leaf edges; the branches wither, flowers and young fruits fall off, and the lesions on the strong fruits are nearly round and red. Brown, with dark edges, ringed but not sunken, with orange-red myxoplasms (myxoconidia of pathogenic bacteria). The pathogen is Ascomycetes, belonging to the order Glomeres. The anamorphic form is Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, which belongs to the order of Deuterospora and belongs to the order Nitrospora. (See pome fruit anthracnose). Disease control: Strengthen cultivation management and avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizers; during the flowering period, combine prevention and control of frost blight by spraying a mixture of Toxoplasma and Carbendazim.
Storage diseases
The most important ones are peel browning, frost blight and sour rot. Peel browning disease is a physiological disease, which is caused by the continuous increase in ethylene content in the peel as the litchi matures. Low-temperature storage can strongly inhibit ethylene production and respiration, and storage at low temperatures (3-5°C) sealed in film bags is more successful. Frost blight damages lychees in storage, mainly because the fungi in the field are infected late, or because the weather is sunny and the humidity is low before harvesting, and the diseased fruits have not yet developed and are accidentally mixed into storage as healthy fruits. The humidity increases greatly during postharvest storage and transportation. Onset occurs quickly and reinfection occurs through contact. The antiseptic effect of chemicals is relatively good, but governments have not yet approved the use of chemicals such as retinosporin for postpartum antiseptic treatment. Therefore, the key to controlling fruit rot during storage is to strengthen field disease control and combine a series of treatments such as post-harvest pre-cooling and low-temperature storage. Sour rot usually occurs on mature or cracked fruits. There is a tendency for sour rot to increase after frost blight is controlled. The lesions on the diseased fruits are irregular, water-soaked, light brown at first, with white mold growing on them. After two or three days, the fruits will deteriorate, become sour and rot, and eventually become watery. The pathogen is Geotrichum diplocystis, a genus of Ascomycetes, order Endospora (see Citrus Diseases). It can occur sporadically in the field and continue to be reinfected during storage. There are currently no effective control measures.
Other common diseases are listed in the table.
Fusariumspp.Fusarium fruit rotPenicilliumspp.Aspergillusspp.AspergillosisCylindrocladiumscopa-riumWhite moldDipodascusgeotrichumSour rot FruitBotryosphaeriarhodinaScorch rot hrThe main damage to the branchesErythriciumsalmonico-red clothes branch or mainMayetiolasp.Spot disease Cephaleurosvirescens Algae spot Phomopsislonganae Leaf spot Coniothyriumlitchii Spot Pestahtiopsispauseta Gray spot Skierkanepheliinica Rust Phaeosaccardinulajava-Meliolacapensisvar.melayensis Coal disease Leaf pathogen Disease name is the damaged part
Other common diseases of litchi
A nguina
A nguina
Yang Rongzheng
It is a type of obligate parasitic nematode belonging to the order Nematodes and family Nematidae that can stimulate the formation of galls on the seeds, stems, leaves and flowers of some plants of the Gramineae family. There are more than 10 known species in this genus, such as wheat grain nematode, bentgrass grain nematode and cereal grain nematode.
Morphological characteristics
The female is fat, with a body length of about 1.5 to 6 mm. The body surface has fine annular patterns, both ends are tapering, often spirally curled, the lip area is low, not constricted or slightly constricted, and the stylet is thin and about 10 micron, basal globule evident. The middle esophageal bulb is oval, but some species (Anguina cecidoplas-tes) lack the development of the middle esophageal bulb. The esophageal glands are enlarged, ear-shaped or deformed, and are often slightly expanded to cover the end of the intestine. The female has a single ovary, with 1 to 2 folds in four at the front end. The oocytes are arranged in multiple rows in an axial shape. At 85% to 90% of the posterior part of the vaginal body, there is a posterior vaginal uterine sac, which is two inches long from the anus to the vagina. About one-third. The male is smaller, linear, about 1 to 2 mm long, with a single testis, the front end is bent 1 to 2 times, the intercourse spine is wider, the clasping plate covers the end of the tail, and the tails of both sexes are conical. The second instar larvae are small and are in the infective stage, while the third instar larvae of some species (Anguina millefolli) are also in the infective stage.
biological properties
Grain nematode larvae infect host seedlings, carry out ectoparasitism, and then gradually move upward, damaging the above-ground parts of the plants, stimulating the formation of galls on seeds, stems, leaves and flowers (barley generally does not produce galls after being damaged), resulting in dwarfing of plants and stems. , leaves are bent, deformed and shrunk, and some insect species can cause plants to die. The larvae spend the winter (summer) inside the gall. Because the skin of the gall is hard and there is little water inside, the metabolic activity of the larvae is reduced and they are in a dormant state. Therefore, they are highly resistant to stress and can survive for more than several years in dry conditions. The nematodes inside some worm galls can still survive if they are placed at a low temperature of -15 to -18°C for 5 hours, or treated with dry heat at 100°C for 1 hour. When the gall encounters suitable conditions, the larvae revive, emerge from the gall, and infect again. One or more generations occur every year. Grain nematodes mainly damage monocotyledonous plants such as wheat, barley, rye and grass weeds, but a few insect species (Anguina amsinckiae and A. balsamophila) are parasitic on dicotyledonous plants.
Important pathogenic nematodes
There are wheat grain nematodes and bentgrass grain nematodes.
Wheat grain nematode [Anguina
tritici (Steinbuch) Chit-wood] first discovered in England in 1743. It is the first plant pathogenic nematode discovered. This nematode is widely distributed in wheat-producing areas around the world. Most wheat areas in China are severely damaged, generally reducing yields by 5% to 10%, and in severe cases, the yield can be reduced by more than 30%. It mainly damages wheat and some grass plants such as rye and goat grass. It can also infect barley and oats, but the disease is mild and no galls are produced. Galls mixed in seeds and soil are the main source of infestation the following season. Usually one generation occurs every year. Wheat grain nematodes can also transmit the pathogenic bacteria of wheat honey ear disease [Coryne bacterium friti (Hat.) Buskholder] to cause compound infection in wheat. The pathogenic bacteria can also survive for several years within the galls. The key to controlling this nematode is seed inspection and treatment (see Wheat Nematode Disease).
bentgrass nematode [Anguina
agrostis (Stembach) Filipjev.] occurs and causes damage in countries in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and some countries in Asia. It has also occurred in parts of China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. It mainly damages bentgrass, fescue, ryegrass, bluegrass, duckweed, timothy, yellow tripe and other grass plants, causing inflorescence deformation and formation of insect galls, seriously affecting pasture yields. Galls are resistant to adverse conditions and can remain viable for years in dry conditions. For some hosts, such as ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia, the galls formed after being damaged can also transmit toxin-producing bacteria (Corynebacterium rathayi Smith). The largest concentration of this bacterial toxin is on the thick wall of the gall, which contains bacteria and parasites. The surface of galls is mostly yellow and can cause poisoning and even death in livestock. It is also reported that the galls formed by the damaged purple fescue grass (Festuca rubra, var.commutata) are also poisonous to sheep and cattle. To control this nematode, we must first find out its distribution and damage to prevent its spread.
What is this bacteria called?
They are all
Arthrobacter genus
Arthrobacter genus
1) Preliminary key table of common bacteria
Preliminary key table of common bacteria on general culture media under aerobic conditions
1. Cells are always cocci 2
Young cells are not spherical, but rod-shaped or spiral-shaped 6
2. Grows well on nitrogen-free media and can fix atmospheric nitrogen
Azotobacteraceae
Requires inorganic nitrogen or organic nitrogen for growth 3
3. Gram stain negative, grows well in the presence of body fluids
Neisseriaceae
Gram stain positive to unstable Gram stain; in gravy medium or yeast extract
Growth on glucose medium 4
4. The cells are in chains, pairs, and a few are in the form of quadruples. They produce lactic acid and are contact enzyme negative
Streptococceae of the family Lactobacillaceae
The cells are not obviously in chains and do not produce lactic acid 5
5. Cells are uneven in size, not round in shape, some have edges and corners, and are irregularly arranged. There are similar budding propagators. The cells of Mycococcus
are relatively uniform in size and arranged in single, paired, quadruple, eight-stack, or irregular piles.
Micrococaceae
6. The spherical cells germinate into rod-shaped cells and are Gram-stained negative or indeterminate; old cultures turn into cocci-like cells and are mostly Gram-stained indeterminate or positive. Rod-shaped bacteria are polymorphic and irregular in shape
Arthrobacter
Young cultures and old cultures do not have the above characteristics 7
7. Cells rod-shaped 8
Cells spiral or arc-shaped Spirillaceae
8. Young culture Gram stain positive 9
Young culture Gram stain negative 13
9. Produce spores under appropriate conditions Bacillaceae
Never produce endophytic spores 10
10. Weakly or not ferment glucose to produce acid, and can grow well on sugar-free media.
11
Strongly ferments glucose to produce acid, and can only grow on culture medium containing auxin and carbohydrate
12
11. The cells are wedge-shaped or rod-shaped, often with heterochromatin, and the cell wall staining is multicellular
Corynebacteriaceae
The cells are not rod-shaped, not polymorphic, and the cell wall staining is unicellular
Short Brevibacteriaceae
12. Lactic acid is produced from glucose. Contact enzyme negative, does not ferment lactic acid
Lactobacillus family (Lactobacillaceae)
Lactobacillus family (Lactobacilleae)
produces propionic acid or butyric acid from glucose, produces gas, mostly ferments lactic acid, most contact enzyme positive
Propionibacteriaceae
13. Polar flagella, which may have water-soluble green, yellow-green or yellow pigments, or may be fluorescent,
in yellow-green or blue-green color. Pseudomonas
Pseudomonadaceae.
…Peritrichocystis may be immobile. If there is pigment, it is water-insoluble purple, red, orange, rusty red or brown 14
14. Grow on anaerobic media and fix atmospheric nitrogen
Azotobacteraceae
Require inorganic nitrogen or organic nitrogen for growth 15
15. Obligate anaerobic bacteria Bacteroidaceae
Aerobic or facultative anaerobic 16
16. Grows poorly on common nutritious amaranth. Many require body fluids to grow, cells are small, usually less than 0.5 μm in width Brucellaceae
Easily grown on vegetative amaranth; cells usually larger than 0.5 μm 17
17. Root nodules are formed on leguminous plants, and the cells are polymorphous, and the bacterial lawn is sticky or makes the plant roots
Abnormal proliferation of Rhizobium (Rhizobiaceae)
No nodules are formed on leguminous plants, and the colonies are usually non-sticky 18
18. The bacterial lawn produces pigment 19
The bacterial lawn has no pigment 21
19. The lawn is purple. The lawn of Chromobacterium
in the family Rhizobiaceae shows other colors 20
20. The bacterial lawn is red to orange-red in various degrees
Serratia of the Enterobacteriaceae family
The bacterial lawn is light yellow or orange
Achromobacteriaceae Flavobacterium
21. When anaerobic, ferment glucose strongly, often produce gas, coagulate litmus milk, reduce nitrate,
move or not move, motile bacteria have many flagella
Enterobacteriaceae
do not ferment glucose strongly, Does not produce gas, litmus milk remains unchanged or alkaline or slightly acidic, but never coagulates, nitrate reduction is not necessarily certain, motile or not motile, motile flagella are scarce, 1 to 7 or 8 colorless bacteria (Achromobacteraceae)
What movie did the delivery guy watch in the TV series Traces?
"Hatchet" movie series,
"Hatchet" is a thriller directed by Adam Green and starring Joe David Moore, Tamara Feldman and others. The film tells the story of a little boy named Victor Rockley. Because his appearance was so ugly, even his relatives disliked him, and what happened to him.
Chinese name: hatchet
Foreign name: Hatchet
Director: Adam Green
Screenwriter: Adam Green
Genre: Thriller/Horror/Comedy
First part: September 7, 2007
Extended information:
Hatchet staff list
Producers: Scott Altomare, Will Barratt, Sarah J. Donohue, Sarah Elbert, Adam Green, Roman Kindrachuk, Andrew Mysko, Cory Nea
Director: Adam Green
Deputy Director (Assistant): Alex Betuel, Craig Borden, Michelle Gold, Jason Halley, Jill Hoppy, Aaron Walters, Mark Weatherbe
Screenwriter: Adam Green
Photography: WillBarratt
Soundtrack: Andy Garfield
Editor: Christopher Roth
Casting Director: Shannon Makhanian
Art Director: BryanMcBrien
Art Design: TimBeckett
Costume Design: Heather Sladinski
The above is all the content about the pictures of the difference between coryne, Yachiyo and Otome hearts, as well as the related content of cory. I hope it can help you.