The author of Kuang Mi Zhengsu, a poem about the negation of negation

Contents of this article

• 1. Poems about negation of negation
• 2. The meaning of medium in ancient Chinese
• 3. Write a reading note "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring"
• 4. What words are included in the main dictionaries of ancient and modern times?

Poems about the negation of negation

1. A poem about no?

"Gift to Chen Chushi, Zhongling" Guanxiu

No matter how talented the country is, only Emperor Tan Tao is a mean matchmaker.

Thousands of chants were chanted and the spirits moved, and the heaven and earth opened with a long roar.

There are many trees and grass alone on the lake, and there are frequent wind and thunder in front of the mountain.

My emperor has been asking for wise men on a flat table for a long time. He did not wait for the petition to come twice.

"Weeping Ancestor Six Self-False" Wang Wei

If you can't taste Wen Tai, you can't do it alone.

People who pity evil are young people, and those who are sick are middle-aged.

The remaining energy is good in writing, and the students have complete knowledge of rituals and music.

Han left an account of the day, and his poems were passed down to the imperial palace.

The country was surprised to find that the army was small, and people knew Jia Yixian.

The public ministers are all on the left, and friends and acquaintances all recommend the first.

Don't hate relying on the poor path, and you will eventually benefit Juchuan.

The talented man looks at the lamb geese, the longevity is promoted and the Diao Chan is carried on his back.

The blessings and good deeds are recorded in advance, and the good deeds are wiped out.

Why did you blame Zheng Luanhe? The bottom line is broken in Longquan.

Song started from Changsha Fu and Lin ended from Qufu.

The king's way is wide in the domain, but my love is partial in the sea.

When you first lose something, you still see it, but when you think deeply, you realize it.

I can't bear to say goodbye while I'm alive, but who can I declare to after death?

For this reason, the love is hard to end, and the memories are even more lingering.

The original song of Qing Dynasty was buried beside the old tomb.

Traveling to Chang'an Road forever, I only heard about Jing Zhaoqian.

When the carriage leaves the countryside, the countryside is hidden in the sky.

There is no time to say goodbye to the custom-made work. I would rather stay with the old days.

The family members of the Hou family are suffering, and the traveling countrymen are pitiful.

It is difficult to see off guests, and the journey is muddy.

The gift words are an elegy, and the feast is a farewell feast.

Remember the past and join hands together, don't donate temporarily when the wind blows.

Nanshan is secluded, and Dongluo is like a fairy.

Without understanding the sound and appearance, it is worth the change of life and death.

Drink in the golden valley when the flowers are blooming, and sleep in the bamboo forest on the moonlit night.

Fu was spread all over the place, and people watched the medicine boats.

The male of the group belongs to the eye, and the smallest thing dares to reach his shoulders.

In violation of the contract and the purpose of the people, the jade trees were connected.

If you don't expect it, hang up your sword first, and then use the whip if you are afraid.

I have nothing to do with good deeds, and I know the sound of my voice.

Even if the sound of the piano does not disappear, it will continue to be sad.

2. Poems containing the word "fou"

There is a poem by Wei Zhuang in the Tang Dynasty:

Otherwise, we can wait until the end of time. In the cold night, we will stop singing songs about rice and cows.

The whole poem is:

"Composition in Central Hunan"

There are thousands of layers of smoke and trees and thousands of waves, so why bother hanging Miluo?

Chu didn't know that Qin was in chaos, and the people from the south blamed the people from the north for being plentiful.

I am not willing to teach you to move to the tripod, but the way of heaven still wants to stop the war.

Otherwise, we can wait until the end of time. In the cold night, we will stop singing songs about rice and cows.

Another poem comes to mind. The first word in the poem is "no":

Guanxiu (Tang Dynasty)

"Gift to Chen Chushi, Zhongling"

No matter how talented the country is, only Emperor Tan Tao is a mean matchmaker.

Thousands of chants were chanted and the spirits moved, and the heaven and earth opened with a long roar.

There are many trees and grass alone on the lake, and there are frequent wind and thunder in front of the mountain.

My emperor has been asking for wise men on a flat table for a long time. He did not wait for the petition to come twice.

3. Sentences with the word “no” in Classical Chinese

fǒu ㄈㄡˇ

1. To express disagreement or disapproval: ~determined.

2. No, used in words expressing questions: Can~? .

3. Not so, not so, otherwise: ~then. Learning leads to righteousness, learning leads to evil.

Other meanings

● No

pǐ ㄆㄧˇ

◎ Not good, bad, evil: ~ Ji Tailai ("No" and "Tai", the former is a bad hexagram, and the latter is a good hexagram. It means that when things are extremely bad, they will change for the better). Unknown good~.

Example sentences are as follows:

No fǒu

<vice>

(1) (Knowing. From the mouth, never. "No" also represents the sound of a word. Original meaning: otherwise, not like this)

(2) [Ancient]: No, otherwise, not so [nay;no]

No, no. ——"Shuowen"

No Zang fierce. ——"Yi Shi"

Denying the throne of virtue. ——"Book·Yao Dian". Note: "No training is required."

Tang Ju said to him: "No, it's not like that." - "Warring States Policy·Wei Ce"

The king said: "No, why should I do it quickly? I will pursue my great desires." ——"Mencius, King Hui of Liang"

(3) Another example: Is this an appropriate approach? no

(4) Non, not [not]

Your Excellency. ——"Yi Fu Gua"

Otherwise, follow it after careful consideration. ——"Book of Rites·Biaoji". Note: "It means it is not one's own ambition."

If you build a country and establish a capital, you will become a queen, king, and duke. ——"Mozi"

(5) ——Used in "can", "can", "whether". For example: Whether we can set off tomorrow depends on the weather.

(6) Used at the end of a question to form a right or wrong question

There is no need to ask whether the result is liberation. ——Quan Zuwang's "Meihua Ridge" of the Qing Dynasty

Lian Po is old, can he still make a living? —— Xin Qiji, Song Dynasty, "Yong Yu Le· Nostalgia for the Past at Beigu Pavilion, Jingkou"

(7) Another example: Do you know?

(8) See also pǐ

Common phrases

Negate Veto Veto Deny Otherwise

basic meaning

◎ No pǐ

<move>

(1) Occlusion; obstruction [block]

No, separated. ——"Guangya"

It's hard to know whether it is. ——"Poetry·Xiaoya·He Rensi"

Otherwise, it is said to be blocked and blocked. ——"Correct Customs"

Otherwise, it will be closed and chaotic. ——"Book of Han·Biography of Liu Xiang"

(2) Another example: No stagnation (stagnation; blockage); No stagnation (blockage); No knot (blockage, stagnation. A metaphor for bad luck); No separation (also called "No ge". No connection through isolation); No way (blocked way); no closure (blocked way)

(3) Denounce [denounce;ensure]

Every time I spoke to him, his words were far-reaching and far-reaching. ——"Shishuoxinyu"

(4) Go bad; become extinct [become extinct]

If the heaven and earth are darkened, all things will cease to exist. ——"Journey to the West"

Do not choose what is good or not. ——"Zhuangzi Fisherman"

part of speech changes

◎ No pǐ

<shape>

(1) Distress; unfavorable situation [poverty-sticken]

If the deacon goes smoothly, he will become Zang, if he goes against it, he will become no. ——"Zuo Zhuan·Xuan Gong Twelve Years"

(2) Another example: be defeated (difficulty and frustration); be defeated (poverty; bad luck); be defeated (when bad luck comes to an end, good luck will come); be defeated (the current situation is turbulent) ; bad luck (bad luck, bad luck)

(3) evil [evil]

Unknown whether Zang. ——"Poetry·Elegance·Repression"

Zhi punishes Zang or not, and it is not appropriate to have similarities or differences. ——Zhuge Liang's "Execution"

(4) Another example: No heart (evil heart); No virtue (despicable character); No Zang (good and evil)

(5) Tong "despicable". humble [superficial;shallow]

If you are not good at being young, you will not grow old. ——"Zhuangzi·The Great Master"

Those who deny it will be disgusted by heaven! God hates it! ——"The Analects of Confucius·Yong Ye"

(6) Another example: Fu Fu (despicable woman)

<name>

(1) Tong "ruffian". Name of the disease, a disease in which the chest is filled with tightness and lumps [lump in the abdomen]

Does your heart hurt? ——"Suwen·Wuchang Zhengda Lun"

(2) Another example: No swelling (swollen lump)

4. Poems describing sunrise

Original publisher: qiulenovo2007

The ancient poem describing the sunrise is about Zhao Kuangyin in the Song Dynasty. The sun is shining brightly at the beginning, and thousands of mountains are like fire. A round of stars suddenly ascended to the sky, driving away the stars and the waning moon. Recalling the Tang Dynasty in the south of the Yangtze River, Bai Juyi said that at sunrise, the flowers on the river are as red as fire, and in spring, the water is as green as blue. How can we not remember the south of the Yangtze River? Zhang Bin went to Taiwan in the Tang Dynasty. When the soldiers returned from the border, he went alone to Taiwan. The sun rises from the earth and the Yellow River comes from the sky. The sand turned like waves, and the wind sounded like thunder. If you want to go to the Yin Pass, the Yin Pass will not open at dawn. Regarding Mount Tai, Mount Tai - Zhang Dai's righteousness is uncertain, but he dares to view the mountains and rivers? Yangming has no caves and ravines, and is as deep as the peaks. The cow gasps for forty miles, and the crab travels eighteen times. Sitting in a dangerous position with bamboo shoots, I know the fear but not the joy. How is Dai Zongfu? Qilu is still young. The clock of creation is beautiful, and the yin and yang cut off the dawn. There are clouds growing in the chest, and birds returning to the canthus. Hui Dang is at the top of the mountain, with a panoramic view of all the mountains. A small chant on the first day of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin. The sun is shining brightly, and thousands of mountains are like fire. A round of stars suddenly ascended to the sky, driving away the stars and the waning moon. Recalling Jiangnan during the Tang Dynasty·Bai Juyi recalled that Jiangnan was a good place. The scenery was once familiar to the sunrise and the river flowers were as red as the fire. When spring came, the river was as green as blue. How could we not recall Jiangnan? Zhang Bin went to Taiwan in the Tang Dynasty. When the soldiers returned from the border, he went alone to Taiwan. The sun rises from the earth and the Yellow River comes from the sky. The sand turned like waves, and the wind sounded like thunder. If you want to go to the Yin Pass, the Yin Pass will not open at dawn.

5. Poems about the moon, 50 sentences

1. There is bright moonlight in front of the bed, which is suspected to be frost on the ground.

Li Bai 2. Raise your head to look at the bright moon, lower your head to miss your hometown. Li Bai 3. The flying mirror under the moon, the clouds and sea towers.

Li Bai 4. Raise your glass to invite the bright moon, and look at each other as three people. Li Bai 5. There is a moon in Chang'an and the sound of thousands of households pounding their clothes.

Li Bai 6. The bright moon rises from the Tianshan Mountains, among the vast sea of ​​clouds. Li Bai 7. The drunken moon often hits the saints, and the lost flowers do not harm you.

Li Bai 8. But I lowered the crystal curtain and gazed at the exquisite autumn moon. Li Bai 9. I send my sorrowful heart to the bright moon and follow you until the end of the night.

Li Bai 10. We are all full of joy and hope, and want to go up to the blue sky to see the bright moon. Li Bai 11. The half-moon in Emei Mountain is half-mooned, and its shadow is reflected in the water of Pingqiang River.

Li Bai 12. The pine wind blows the belt, and the mountain moon shines on the piano. Wang Wei 13. People in the deep forest don’t know that the bright moon comes to shine.

Wang Wei 14. The bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring rocks flow upstream. Wang Wei 15. There is a bright moon in Guangze and turbulent currents in Cangshan Mountain.

Ma Dai 16. The wild geese fly high in the dark moon, and the Chanyu escapes in the night. Lu Lun 17. The dew is white tonight, and the moon is bright in my hometown.

Du Fu 18. The stars are moving in thousands of households, and the moon is in the sky. Du Fu 19. He wakes up in the morning to sort out the wasteland and filth, and returns home with a hoe in the moonlight.

Tao Yuanming 20. Silently, I went up to the west tower alone, the moon was like a hook. Li Yu 21. Magpies are frightened by the bright moon, and cicadas sing in the breeze in the middle of the night.

Xin Qiji 22. Poor night on the third day of September, the dew is like pearls and the moon is like a bow. Bai Juyi 23. A flick of water and a flick of the moon, half into the river wind and half into the clouds.

24. The moonlight is deeper than half of the house, and the Beidou is tilted to the south. Liu Fangping 25. When you look into the mirror at dawn, you will be worried about the clouds on your temples. When you sing at night, you should feel the cold moonlight.

Li Shangyin 26. He can draw the eagle bow like a full moon, looking northwest to shoot at the wolf. Su Shi 27. The sky under the courtyard is like accumulated water, with algae and lilies intertwined in the water, covered with bamboo and cypress shadows.

Su Shi 1. The bright moon is bright and bright at night, and the bright moon is shining brightly at night, prompting the weaving to sing on the east wall. Yuheng refers to Mengdong, why are the stars so clear?

White dew touches the weeds, and the seasons suddenly change. The autumn cicadas chirp among the trees, and the blackbirds pass away peacefully.

In the past, I and my fellow disciples held high and vibrated the six feathers. If you don't want to join hands, you will abandon me like a relic.

There is a fight in the south and the north, and the oxen is not yoked. What's the use of a false reputation if a good thing is not solid? 2. In the poem "Tingyue", "Tingyue Lou" is connected to Taiqing, and Yilou "Tingyue" is the most clear.

The sky is buzzing, the ice is spinning, the medicine is being pounded, the jade pestle is clanging. The sound of the music played in Guanghan was thin, and the axe, the osmanthus and the osmanthus tinkled.

Occasionally, a gust of fragrant wind blew up, blowing away Chang'e's laughter. 3. The bright moon is so bright. The bright moon is so bright. It shines on my bed curtains.

I can't sleep due to sadness, so I pick up my clothes and wander around. Although the trip is pleasant, it is better to return home early.

When I go out and feel alone, who should I complain about? The leader returned to the room and shed tears on his clothes. 4. The song of resentment is fresh and clean, fresh and clean as frost and snow.

Cut it into an albizia fan, which looks like a bright moon. Going in and out of your arms, shaking in the breeze.

I am often afraid that when autumn comes, the coolness will overtake the heat. Abandon the donation box and put it in the basket, and the kindness will end.

2. Poems of the Tang and Song Dynasties Looking at the Moon on the Fifteenth Night (Wang Jian) ​​The white trees in the atrium are covered with crows, and the cold dew wets the sweet-scented osmanthus silently. Tonight, the moon is bright as far as the eye can see, and I don’t know who is missing my autumn thoughts.

Guan Shan Yue (Li Bai) The bright moon rises out of the Tianshan Mountains, among the vast sea of ​​clouds. The wind blows tens of thousands of miles across Yumen Pass.

The Han descended on the white road, and the Hu glanced at the Qinghai Bay. The origin of the battle was that no one returned.

The garrisonmen looked at the border towns with sad faces as they thought about returning home. The tall building is like this night, sighing is not enough.

Drinking alone under the moon (Li Bai) A pot of wine among the flowers, drinking alone without any blind date. Raise your glass to invite the bright moon, and look at each other as three people.

The moon doesn't know how to drink, and its shadow follows me. For now, the moon will be shadowed, and we must have fun until spring.

My singing moon lingers, my dancing shadows are scattered. They make love together when they are awake, but they separate when they are drunk.

We will travel together forever, and we will meet each other in Miao Yunhan. Ye Si (Li Bai) There is a bright moonlight in front of the bed, and I suspect it is frost on the ground.

Raise your head to look at the bright moon, lower your head to think about your hometown. On a moonlit night (Liu Fangping), the moonlight is deeper than half of the house, and the Beidou is tilted to the south.

Tonight, I know that the spring air is warm, and the sound of insects is new through the green window screen. Chang'e (Li Shangyin) The candle shadow on the mica screen is deep, the long river is gradually setting and the dawn stars are sinking.

Chang'e should regret stealing the elixir, and her heart will be filled with blue sea and blue sky every night. On the night of August 15th (Du Fu, Tang Dynasty), the full moon flies into the bright mirror and returns to the heart to fold the sword.

Turning around and walking far away, climbing osmanthus and looking up to the sky. Frost and snow are suspected on the waterway, and feathers are seen on the forest habitat.

At this time, looking at the white rabbit, I want to count the hair. On a moonlit night, I remember my brother-in-law (Du Fu). The garrison drum cuts off the line of people, and there is a sound of wild geese in the autumn.

The dew is white tonight, and the moon is bright in my hometown. All my brothers are scattered, and I have no family to ask about life and death.

The letter sent was not delivered, but the troops were not suspended. Watching the Moon and Huaiyuan (Zhang Jiuling) The bright moon rises on the sea, and the world is at this moment.

Lovers complain about the distant night, but they start to miss each other at night! When the candle is extinguished, the compassion light is full, and when I put on my clothes, I feel the dew. I can't bear to give it away, but I still have a good night's sleep.

Shuangyue (Li Shangyin) I first heard that there are no cicadas among the wild geese, and the water reaches the sky a hundred feet high. The young girl Su'e can withstand the cold, and she fights with Chanjuan in the frost in the middle of the moon.

There is a pregnant woman under the autumn moon (Meng Haoran) The bright moon hangs in the autumn sky, moistened by the dew. The startled magpies have not yet settled down, and the flying fireflies roll in behind the curtain.

The cold shadows of the locust tree in the courtyard are sparse, and the neighbor's pestle sounds urgently at night. What a wonderful time! Standing looking at the sky.

On the night of August 15th, Wandering with the Moon in Taoyuan (Liu Yuxi, Tang Dynasty) I feel free to see the moon in the dust, and it is a fairy mansion in the clear autumn. The condensed light and long cold dew fall, standing on the highest mountain at this time.

There are no clouds in the blue sky, and there is no wind, and there are pines growing on the mountains and water flowing down from the mountains. Taking a leisurely look at the group of animals, the sky and the earth are thousands of miles apart.

The young master led me to the jade altar, and I paid tribute to the real immortal official from afar. The clouds are about to move under the stars, and Tianle makes a sound that makes his muscles and bones feel cold.

The golden clouds and clouds gradually move eastward, and the shadows of the wheel are still seen frequently. It is difficult to combine beautiful scenery and good times, so he should be melancholy on this day.

Mid-Autumn Moon (Yan Shu) Ten rounds of frost shadows turn to the courtyard. This evening, people are alone in the corner, so Su'e may not have regrets. The jade toad is cold and the osmanthus is lonely. Mid-Autumn Moon (Su Shi) The dusk clouds have gathered and overflowed with the cold, and the silver man turned the jade plate silently. This night in this life will not last long. Where can I see the bright moon next year?

Looking at the Moon in Huanting Pavilion on the Night of August 15th (Bai Juyi, Tang Dynasty) In the past year, on the night of August 15th, I was by the apricot garden by the Qujiang Pool. On the night of August 15th this year, in front of the Shatou Water Museum in Penpu.

Where is the hometown to the northwest? How many times is the moon full to the southeast? Yesterday the wind blew and no one was there, but tonight the light is as clear as in previous years.

The Mid-Autumn Festival is waiting for the moon (Lu Guimeng), the frost is gone, the frost is rising, the good wind is late, and the wind is like a good time. The curtains are leaning and the trees are separated by infinite love. The candles are dark and the fragrance is lingering. I sit without saying goodbye. I love the Sheng tune, smell the music in the north, and gradually see the stars, and lose the South Ji. Who is the school, cool and strong? On the night of the 15th day of the eighth lunar month in Tianzhu Temple (Tangpi day off), a jade stone falls under the moon wheel and is found in front of the temple. So far, there is no such thing as happening in heaven. It should be thrown to people by Chang'e.

Song Su Shi's "Seeing the Moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival and Ziyou" The bright moon is not high in the mountains, and the auspicious light is thousands of feet long. Before the cup is finished, the silver tower surges, and the chaotic clouds break away like crashing waves.

Whoever washes his eyes for God should use thousands of dendrobium waters from the Ming River. Then I looked coldly at the people in the world, and I couldn't bear to look at Zhanran.

The sparks in the southwest are like projectiles, and the horns and tails are bright and clear, like dragons and dragons. Tonight I can't see anything, but the fireflies are fighting to clear the cold.

Whose boat was in Bian yesterday? Thousands of lights made fish and dragons change at night. I follow the waves carelessly through twists and turns, and go to the festival with a low head and follow the song board.

The green light disappears before turning around the mountain, and the waves and winds will not be strong again. The bright moon is easy to be low and people are easy to disperse. When you return to drink, you will pay more attention to it.

The moonlight in front of the hall is getting clearer and clearer, and the throat is cold and the grass is dew. There is no one in the room after the rolling curtain is pushed open, except for the old man Chu who is mute under the window.

Nandu.

6. Do you have any poems about the Revolution of 1911?

Xu Zihua (1873~1935), whose courtesy name was Jichen and whose nickname was Chanhui, was a native of Yuxi, Shimen County (i.e. Shimen Town, Chongde County, renamed Yuxi Town, Shimen County in the Qing Dynasty, now Chongfu Town, Tongxiang City).

The Xu sisters were born into scholarly families. His grandfather, Xu Baoqian, named Yatao, was a Jinshi in the sixth year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1880). He served as a doctor in the Ministry of Punishment and the prefect of Luzhou, Anhui.

His father, Xu Duoyu, also known as Xingbo, was a Chinese student and was granted the title of Fengzheng doctor. Zihua was born with intelligence and was educated at home. He could compose poems and recite lyrics when he was young, and was deeply loved by his father and ancestors.

My grandfather, Yataogong, wrote a poem titled "Showing Daughters and Sun Zihua", which goes: "Sure enough, I am a better scholar than a scholar, and I have cultivated my plum blossom bones to be clear. I have woken up from a deep dream in the middle of the night, and I can still hear the sound of reading at the top of the building."

The poems written during the girlhood period in China are bright in tone, harmonious in rhyme, and characterized by euphemism and elegance. For example, the poem "Xixi Flows at Night" written by Zihua when he was 14 years old: "The boat has just passed west of Banqiao, and the moonlight is full of the stream.

A gust of wind made waves, and all the birds in the forest began to cry in fright. "Zi Hua wrote the poem "Sitting on the Moon" when he was 18 years old: "Sit in the middle of the moon with the curtains open, in silence and dust.

The coolness comes with the wind, and the clear light invades the cold. The rest of my mind is calm and quiet, and the night scene is quiet.

After playing for a long time, I lean on the railing and wander around looking at my shadow. "Another example is the poem "Revelation of Heartfelt Love" written by Zihua when he was 20 years old: "Time is easy to flow away, and the wild geese are also called Zhuanglou.

The robe I changed was too thin, so I put up the curtain hook. The wind suddenly cools down and the summer heat is over, for no reason.

I am sad for the spring, bored for the long summer, and sick for the new autumn. "In feudal society, women pay attention to being well-matched when choosing a spouse. At the age of 21, she married Mei Fujun (alias Yunsheng) of Nanxun, Huzhou.

This kind of marriage based on "the orders of the parents and the words of the matchmaker" has little basis for love. When we read the poems written seven years after Hua's marriage, we can see the bitterness in the poet's heart.

For example, the poet wrote two poems "Feelings of Sickness" written in the first year after his marriage. One of the poems goes: "When I am lonely and leisurely in the courtyard, the drizzle weaves the threads of sorrow. I confess my wisdom and burn my manuscripts, and feel my hometown. Also composed poems.

The thin shadow is afraid of being seen in the bright mirror, and there is still a shortcoming in my heart. I have recently understood the method of peace of mind, but I have no talent in life and am a fool of learning. "

(See Xu Yunhua's "Repentance of the Poet Xu Jichen") In the twenty-sixth year of Guangxu (1900), that is, the seventh year after Zihua's marriage, her husband Mei Fujun died of illness. Zihua wrote seven chapters of the poem "Mourning for Death", the first Zhang started by saying: "The yellow swans are wailing and sobbing, and seven years have passed like a nightmare.

Most of the beauties have misnamed names, and they hate to hold on to them for a long time. "The bitterness in the poet's heart can be imagined.

After her husband's death, Zihua felt extremely depressed, and the poems he wrote during this period had a melancholy tone. For example, on the Qixi Festival of Guimao in the 29th year of Guangxu (1903), there is a poem "He Xinliang" written by Hua: "It is difficult to sleep well this night.

Walking on the leisurely steps, the dew is cool and people are quiet, and the breeze suddenly picks up. The thin figure leaning on the railing is as clear as water, relatively self-pitying and haggard.

That's even more embarrassing, and I've been thinking about it for so many years. Touching the scenery makes the heart sad and susceptible, and the frowning moths destroy the green peaks of the eyebrows.

Sad as promised, sad as drunk. The moon is as thin as a hook.

Listening to the chirping of cicadas in Tongyin, the atmosphere of autumn fills the air. I want to appreciate the joys and sorrows at separation and reunion, and my heart is broken every inch of my life.

How can I resist, a thousand lines of red tears. The red heart begging for cleverness increases the despair, and I ask the twin stars where they bury their worries in ridicule.

Thinking about the past is exhausting. "The Chinese lyrics from this period were deeply influenced by the female poet Li Qingzhao of the Northern Song Dynasty.

This year, under the supervision of his father, Zihua compiled "Tingzhulou Poetry Manuscript" and wrote a preface to describe his experience in learning poetry. In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), Nanxun squire Zhang Bianqun and others founded Xunxi Girls' School and hired Xu Zihua as its principal.

In March of this year, Jianhu heroine Qiu Jin was introduced to Xunxi Girls' School to teach. Qiu Jin's democratic thoughts of pursuing freedom and equality were cherished and valued by Zihua.

The two fell in love and became sworn friends. Zihua wrote two poems with seven rhymes, "Gift to Ms. Qiu Xuanqing". One of the poems goes: "Every time I wonder if the fairies are separated by the clouds, how lucky they are to meet each other and shake hands."

His ambition is beyond his reach, and it is especially difficult for women to meet him with this talent. Support the motherland in conquering the common love, and traverse Japan's view of prosperity.

How many moths and eyebrows lie dormant for a long time, fighting against the king to regain his freedom. "We can not only see Zihua's admiration for Qiu Jin, but also the ideological basis of their friendship.

In the early summer of this year, the Zihua sisters were introduced by Qiu Jin to join the Tongmenghui and the Guangfuhui, and became revolutionaries under the leadership of Sun Yat-sen. In the winter of this year, Qiu Jin was organizing the "China Women's Newspaper" in Shanghai and encountered difficulties in raising funds. Sister Xu Zihua generously donated 1,500 yuan, so that the first and second issues of "China Women's Newspaper" were successfully published.

In early spring of the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), Xu Zihua and Qiu Jin traveled to Hangzhou together and made an appointment to "bury the bones in Xiling" in front of King Yue's tomb. At this time, Qiu Jin was organizing the Liberation Army and deploying the Zhejiang Uprising.

In the fifth month of the lunar calendar, Qiu Jin came to Chongde and talked with Zihua about the difficulties in raising funds for the uprising. Zihua immediately used his personal savings and jewelry worth about 30 taels of gold to fund the uprising. Qiu Jin immediately gave Zihua an jade bracelet as a souvenir. In July of this year, the Anqing uprising of the revolutionaries failed. Qiu Jin was unfortunately arrested and died calmly at the entrance of Guxuan Pavilion in Shaoxing.

When Zihua heard the bad news, he was devastated and wrote twelve chapters of "The Heroine of Crying Lake", which directly denounced the Qing government as a monomaniac and praised the heroine Qiu Jin as a heroine. The poem goes: "When I hear the bad news and hear the party's misfortunes and false accusations, I fill my chest with injustice and anger and cry out to God.

He did not seek clear proof and ignored the public opinion. He only listened to rumors and was punished! Even if there is snow in the future, there will be no fight in this life. How to establish a constitution and civilize the country, and then act as an independent man in vain. "

"He was generous and eloquent and high-spirited, and worked hard for his fellow countrymen. Suddenly he was slandered and had no justice, and he actually made sacrifices to kill the mayor.

If you are ashamed of your clothes, you will become a scum, please look at the heroes. How can an innocent soul be willing to be exterminated? Fly into Qiantang and turn into angry waves. "

After that, Zihua, her sister Yunhua and Tongcheng Wu Zhiying ran for the funeral of Qiu Jinying. In February of the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Zihua and others held a public memorial ceremony for Qiu Jin at Fenglin Temple in Hangzhou.

After the meeting, Qiu Society was established, and Zi Hua was promoted as the president. Zihua wrote many poems describing this incident.

Zihua encouraged his colleagues in the poem "A Storm of Storms at the Biqiu Tomb on June 6th" to "Don't shed your daughter's tears, she will succeed you as a hero." He expressed that he would inherit the legacy of the martyrs and carry the revolution to the end.

In the winter of 1909, Liu Yazi, Chen Qubing and others initiated the establishment of Nanshe. Zihua and Yunhua were both early members of Nanshe. In that year, Zihua, with the help of Chen Qubing, sorted out his old works and compiled them into "Confessions of Wisdom" for publication.

After the Revolution of 1911, Xu Zihua went to Shanghai to host a competitive women's school and participated in the anti-Yuan struggle led by Sun Yat-sen. In his later years, Xu Zihua moved from Shanghai to Xihu Qiushe, Hangzhou, where he lived until his death in July 1935 at the age of 63.

Throughout Xu Zihua's life, she grew from a daughter of a famous family to a female poet who devoted herself to the democratic revolution. Her experience was very extraordinary. In Zihua's life, her acquaintance and friendship with Qiu Jin, the heroine of Jianhu Lake, was a major turning point in her life.

Her poetic style comes from the past.

7. Poems about Willow

1. There are flowers flying everywhere in the spring city, and the east wind blows away the willows in the cold weather.

(Han Xiong's "Cold Food") 2. There is no way out in the mountains and rivers, but there is another village with dark flowers and bright flowers. (Lu You: "Visiting Shanxi Village") 3. The rain of apricot blossoms makes your clothes wet, and the wind from the willows blows on your face, which is not cold.

(Zhinan: "Quequatrains")) 4. The morning rain in Weicheng is light and dusty, and the guesthouses are green and the willows are new. (Wang Wei (Sending Yuan Er Envoy to Anxi)) 5. Two orioles sang in the green willows, and a row of egrets ascended to the blue sky.

(Du Fu: (quatrains)) 6. Why should the Qiang flute blame the willows? The spring breeze does not pass through Yumen Pass. (Wang Zhihuan: Liangzhou Ci) Planting Willows in Dongxi [Tang Dynasty] Bai Juyi Planted wild willows and planted willows in the water.

Take advantage of the spring to cut it with an ax, cut it and tree it. The length is neither long nor short, high or low is appropriate.

Bury big trunks against the bank and plant small branches near the stream. The pines and cypresses cannot be treated, and the nannan is hard to move.

It is better to plant this tree, which will flourish easily. It can still live without roots, and it is not too late to become a negative person.

If you haven't left the county for three years, you can see Yiyi. After planting, rest by the water, raising your head and thinking to yourself.

Wealth and honor are not expected, fame and fortune only come in time. If you don't plant willow trees, what will you do if you sit upright? Qingmenliu [Tang Dynasty] Bai Juyi The green tree looks sad, and has been part of the hatred of several people.

In order to say goodbye to many people near the capital, the long strips are folded to reduce the spring breeze. Suzhou Willow [Tang Dynasty] Bai Juyi The yellow and graceful beauty in Jingu Garden, the whirling green beside Qujiang Pavilion.

Laolai travels everywhere, unlike Suzhou where there are many willow trees. The fluttering white hair is blowing on your face, leaving you at a loss what to do.

New Willows in Chang'an [Tang Dynasty] Chen Guang Jiumo Yunchujiu, the willows in Huangqu are new. Different Tianyuan scenery, spring comes first.

The color is light and slightly revealing, and the silk is light and not dusty. A branch is about to be broken, and it will be morning when it returns.

Willows by the water in May [Tang Dynasty] Cui Hu The roots are tall and tall, and the hanging shadows cover the clear sky. My face is still cold when I sleep, my lazy waist is even softer.

Shaking the air bar has become heavy, and whisking the water belt can unfold. It seems like the drunken smoke condenses on the scene, like the sorrowful moon with dew.

Fishes are mistakenly frightened by long silk branches, and birds are frightened by weak branches. How sentimental is the long separation, and the spring is full of joy.

Liu [Tang Dynasty] Cui Lu The wind is slow, the sun is late, and the smoke is dragging on the water. Provoke the hatred of thousands of generals and tie them to short and long branches.

The bones are soft and the man is thin, the waist is light and the woman is hungry. I still miss my hometown without returning home.

Xinliu [Tang Dynasty] Cui Lu is ruthless and gentle, letting the spring urge her, as if she is leaning against the ancient platform in the wind. How much I hate last year and today, the color of Yugou comes from Dongting.

Willows on the Embankment [Tang Dynasty] Dai Shulun Weeping willows have thousands of silks, weaving farewell when spring comes. At the place where passers-by climb and break, the concubine has her heart broken.

Endowed with a long pavilion of willows [Tang Dynasty] Dai Shulun Zhuo Zhuo willows of a long pavilion, Yin connected with the Ba water flow. The rain rubs the golden strands thinly, and the smoke is soft and green.

Seeing off guests brings new regrets, listening to orioles reminisce about old travels. If you give as a gift and get more as a gift, you will get late autumn.

Title Liu [Tang Dynasty] Di Huan From the south to the north, the shadows are whirling here. There is no end to the emerald green, and there is more to it than love.

The rain lingers on the bank of Ba, and the mist covers the Sui River. He has a good reputation, can Qin Song succeed him?

Lonely Willow [Tang Dynasty] Du Mu A willow tree contains smoke, and the wind blows on the ground for a long time. The beautiful woman couldn't bear to be broken and looked back at her delicate hands with regret.

Liu Quatrain [Tang Dynasty] Du Mu Several trees have newly bloomed and have green shadows, leaning against the wind and being fascinated by spring. I hate my hometown Fanchuan, half covering the village bridge and half brushing the stream.

Xinliu [Tang Dynasty] Du Mu is unable to shake the wind and the dawn is new, and the thin waist is often jealous. The green shade has not covered the water of the long embankment, and the golden ears are the first to greet the spring in the garden.

A few sad memories of the long journey, a branch and the rain send the dust off. There are many farewells outside the east gate, and people are worried about killing people day and night.

Yugou Willow [Tang Dynasty] Du Xunhe When spring comes to Yugou, the willows beside the ditch will be new. The thin cage penetrates the forbidden water and gently brushes the people entering the court.

The sun is approaching, the time is early, and the sky is low and the sky is even. The warbler's perch in the valley is not stable, and the painting of the palace maid is difficult to be realistic.

The sky in the Chu Kingdom shook the waves, and the Sui Dynasty embankment secretly stirred up dust. In the Imperial City, Longjin must be conquered first.

Willow [Tang Dynasty] Fang Qian swaying in the wind, softer than silk near the embankment. Who knows if the attitude is strong? If the strength is weak, it will be difficult to maintain it.

Learn to dance with branches, turn your sleeves, and spread your eyebrows with makeup leaves. How to climb up and down, Huaiyou wrote poems again.

Liu [Tang Dynasty] Han Xie A cage of gold thread brushed the curved bridge, and the waist was almost damaged by children. Helplessly, Linghe Biaoge is still there, but the spring is still long and thin.

Two Songs about Willows [Tang Dynasty] Gu Yun The dew and the smoke are hanging down everywhere, and they are yellow, green and tender. There is no catkins floating in the wind on the long embankment, but the sun reflects on the vast road for the first time.

Leaning by the painting feast to steal the dance, lowering oneself to the makeup pavilion to imitate frowning. Don't leave the pavilion until late spring, fold all the tens of thousands of branches on the eaves.

The idle flowers and weeds are always competing for new ones, and the wrinkles on the brows are uneven. Don't waste a spring just begging for the remaining strength of the east wind.

Willow [Tang Dynasty] Han Cong Fold the willow tree and get the green strips in the song, and move it to the golden palace to plant the green sky. The palace maid from Shangyang sent her off with a voice, but she was not angry and returned to dancing with her thin waist.

Liu [Tang Dynasty] Han Gai When the snow is gone, the shadows on the green gate are faint, and the warm wind returns late and early in the morning. If you rely on thin leaves to retain the spring color, you must tie the long strips with falling sunlight.

Peng Ze was sentimental and depressed, but Sui Di had no one to rely on. In the world, people who are hated are spared this kind of thing, but passers-by give away rare gifts.

Ode to the Willows [Tang Dynasty] Han Xie The rain and wind drag the wind uncontrollably, and the whole body is weak and hangs down to others. The jade fiber is broken and given to each other from afar, just like when it is in Guanyin's hand.

Ode to the Willows [Tang Dynasty] He Zhizhang The jasper tree is as tall as a tree, with thousands of green silk ribbons hanging down. I don’t know who cuts out the thin leaves. The spring breeze in February is like scissors.

New willows in Yugou [Tang Dynasty] Jia Ling Yuyuan is sunny and early, and the willows in Zhanggou are new. The roots are in recent days, and the leaves are covered with spring.

The beautiful nature contains green, and the clear yin wants to protect people. Light clouds slant the view, and there are many dewdrops traveling in the dust.

The curls are worthy of being separated from the gifts, and Yiyi is alone looking at the frequency. If the king and grandson can be rewarded, they will climb and break in Fangchen.

New Willows in Yugou [Tang Dynasty] Li Guan Yugou returns to Guangmo, and the fragrant willows face the pedestrians. The green branches are full, and the trees are new with age.

Afraid of encountering unexpected visitors, worried about farewell. Yingzhang Taiqi is close by, and Yuan Chun is far away.

The tender vagina is first covered with water, and the tall shadow gradually leaves the dust. Don't play the harp and the flute, or wet the towel with tears.

Liu [Tang Dynasty] Li Qiao The willows are lush and green, and the golden embankment has a green atmosphere. The flowers in front of the courtyard are like snow, and the leaves between the buildings are like clouds.

The columns are divided into dragon shadows, and the Fangchi is written with phoenix characters. How can I play the short flute? Climbing and folding is to miss the king.

Guanmenliu [Tang Dynasty] Li Shangyin A row of willows beside the Yongding River, with long hair in spring. Traveling from east to west is unkind and does not reduce the dust on the road to Qingyin.

Weeping Willow [Tang Dynasty] Li Shangyin The weeping willow has green hair and velvet hair, and the building is dark and rainy. Thinking becomes a night dream, and the spring is spent for a long time.

Washing one's clothes with open eyes, riding one's horse with a childish and courteous smile. The blue sky turns to the hat, and the red candle is close to the high boat.

The angry eyes are bright and the autumn water is bright, and the frowning eyebrows are pale in the distant peaks. The flowers in the small garden are all gone and the butterflies are gone, and the crickets are awakened from drunkenness in the quiet courtyard.

It used to be a phoenix on Qintai, but now it is a dragon on drug store. The dowry has been thrown away for a long time, and it has been used as a bell in Jingyang.

Weeping Willow [Tang Dynasty] Li Shangyin In the small garden of Pingting, there is a graceful pond to the east. All the court robes hang down to the ground, and the fairy clothes are full of wind.

The Seven Sages would rather occupy the Bamboo, and the Third Rank would prefer the Pine. Heartbroken Linghe Hall, the late emperor's jade throne is empty.

Liu [Tang Dynasty] Li Shangyin When spring comes, how many leaves are there, how many branches are shaken by dawn. Whether you miss lovesickness or not, you should dance all the time.

The butterflies are flying and hiding, and the oriole is weakly exposed. It is appropriate to conquer the whole country, who can appreciate the eyebrows alone?

Liu [Tang Dynasty] Li Shangyin The snow in the south and north of the Yangtze River has just disappeared, and the desert is light and yellow, stirring up tender strips. Ba'an has already climbed up to the guest's hand, and Chu Palace is the first to ride on the waist of the dancing concubine.

It rains on the official road during the Qingming Festival, and the wind blows on the wild bridge in the evening. Like a thread, a thread leads to hatred, and the way back for the king and his grandson is far away.

Liu [Tang Dynasty] Li Shangyin Liu Yingjiang has feelings at the bottom of the pond, and the sight of him frequently scares the visitors. Barei is hidden away in the mountains.

The meaning of middle in ancient Chinese

① Grade; level: first class | equal | third, sixth or ninth class. 　　② Same; same: equal | equivalent | isosceles triangle. 　　③Waiting; waiting: waiting for the bus | waiting for the opportunity | I will wait for you at home. 　　④ means the list is not exhaustive: we study mathematics, Chinese and other courses. 　　⑤The last list is: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other three major cities. 　　More explanations 　　etc. 　　(Understood. From the bamboo, the sound of the temple. The officials of the temple, Cao Zhi, are equal to each other, and the people of the temple are everywhere where slips and records are piled up, and the temple also has a sound. Original meaning: neat slips) 　　 Same as the original meaning 　　 etc., neat slips. ——"Shuowen" 　　Level; seniority 　　Third rank of scholar. ——"Lu Shi Chun Qiu·Zhao Lei" 　　Your Majesty is waiting for the barbarians. ——"Historical Records·Liuhou Family". Suo Yin: "I am talking about the same generation. ” 　　The same name means the same as the food and the day. ――"The Book of Rites of Dadai·Shaojian" 　　Please demote yourself to the third level. ——"Three Kingdoms·Zhuge Liang Biography" 　　Another example: superior; equal examples (differences in grade, difference in status); equal sons (the Imperial Forest Army of the Song Dynasty; specimens, samples); equal points (level status) ;Out-of-class products (products of poor quality and not included in the grade); grade (grade); grade (grade) 　　 "Etc." is used as a function word: 　　Etc.—— "Shuowen": "Wait, Qi Jianye, from Zhusi, I understand. "Note: The temple is a place where bamboo slips and records are accumulated. "Guangya·Explanation" says: "Wait, Qi Ye. ” was originally a verb in the content word. Level is a noun. Since the original pronunciation of "Waiting" is Duzaifan, it is also pronounced as Dingerfan, which means something like this or something. During the Tang Dynasty, people in Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas today all call "Qi Deng" Dingerfan. Ying Yuan's poems have the meaning of " The phrase "talent and learning is often praised" means that one can be praised for being an official by using one's talents and learning. (Volume 　　6 of Yan Shigu's "Kangmao Zhengsu") "Book of the Later Han·Biography of Mi Heng": "Die Gong! Are you waiting for the way?" Note: "If you are waiting for the way, why don't you say it now?" "It can be seen that waiting has the meaning of "what" and can be used as a function word. (Excerpted from page 450 of "A Preliminary Study on the Interpretation of Ancient Books - Selected Academic Papers of Huang Xianfan" by Huang Xianfan, Guangxi Normal University Press, July 2004, 1st edition) 　　Steps　　[etc.] Quantity is also a matter of weight. Examples: 1. [Mencius] and other kings of a hundred generations. 2. [Historical Records of Xia Benji] There is no one who is more virtuous than Gun. Also, there is a sentence in the 22nd volume of "Jingshi Tongyan" "Song Xiaoguan Reunion Broken Felt Li": "He took out the silver, just a piece of silver, and asked for it to be weighed later, crying out that he was ashamed. "It can be seen that it is also a "tool for weighing weight", that is, a scale or balance, or a general title. If the resident can't find it out, he will be taught by Dafang's family. ~~ 　　 The two subjects of rhyme studies are usually indistinguishable. It is a discipline that uses syllable tables as the main method to analyze the pronunciation of Chinese characters, and is a branch of Chinese phonology.
Edit the origin of this paragraph
"Kangxi Dictionary"
　　The description of "Obviously Four Rhyme Pictures" contained in the front of "Kangxi Dictionary" says: "Those who rhyme like husband, Sanskrit Xitan. ” This means that the rhymes are imitated based on the Sanskrit siddham. Xitan is the pinyin table used by Indian children who are newly literate. The Tang Dynasty monk Yijing said in "Nan Hai Ji Gui Nei Fa Zhuan": "A six-year-old boy can learn the six months. "("Daisho Zang" No. 2125, page 228, the following is quoted from "Taisho Zang", only the number and page number are noted) Sanskrit has a total of 14 vowels: a, ╣, i, ī, u, ū, ╱, 捤, 奞,拃, e, ai, o, au. In addition, there are two written additional numbers: "big empty point"╮(anusv╣ra), which means the nasalization of the preceding vowel; "Nirvana point"╪(visarga), which means the vocal cords stop vibrating at the end of the preceding vowel. If you include these two (represented by a╮, a╪), you can count the vowels to 16. Most people under the Tang Dynasty monk Zhiguang believed that the following four characters were rarely used from now on (the fourth one was not used at all), so they counted the vowels to 12. The consonants in Sanskrit include k, kh, g, gh, lin; c, ch, j, jh, ?; ▆, ▆h, ╨, ╨h, ╯; t, th, d, dh, n; p, ph , b, bh, m; y, r, l, v, ▂, ▄, s, h33. Take turns to spell the vowels one by one with the 33 consonants, such as ka, k╣, ki, kī... kha...ɡ a...ɡha...rin a...;ca...cha...;▆a... …▆ha…; ta…tha…; pa…pha…; ya…ra…la…va…▂a…▄a…sa…ha…. A total of 33×12=396 different syllables, this is the first chapter. Further down the second chapter, there are other consonant (medial) sounds after the first (front) consonant. The second chapter is kya...khya...ɡya...ɡhya...rinya..., cya...chya.... The third chapter is kra…khra…ɡra…ɡhra…rinra…;cra…chra…. Taking turns to fight is called "turning" (parivarta). This Sanskrit word is also equivalent to "Zhang" (see internal and external turns), which is called "pin" in Buddhist scriptures.
Han
　　From the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han people began to learn Buddhism and translate scriptures. But the vast majority are exoteric scriptures. To learn this, you don’t need to know Sanskrit. Except for a few scattered encounters with Sanskrit such as the Mahaparinirvana Sutra, people ignored Xitan.
Tang
　　In the early Tang Dynasty, esoteric religions mixed with witchcraft flowed into China on a large scale. Translating this kind of sutra requires translating large sections of mantras (mantras). Only then did people begin to learn Tan and consider which words should be used to properly describe a certain Sanskrit sound. The Japanese scholar Anran (841~?) said five things in Xitan Zang: “The translations of the previous generations were uncertain between Sanskrit and Chinese. The commentary on mantras is roughly determined by Brahman and Tang Dynasties. ” (No. 2702, p. 418) can be proved. On page 318 of Japan's March 1984 new issue of "Rokujizoji Rare Books Series, Special Volume" is "Questions and Answers on the Contemporary Meanings of Shingon Religion", which is another work of Enron's, which illustrates how close the relationship between esoteric Buddhism and Xitan Buddhism is. 　　The Han people have been studying Xitan for a long time, so they imitated the Tang phonetic table. This is the waiting rhyme diagram. The earliest extant rhyme picture is "Yun Mirror", which was circulated to Japan in the Song Dynasty and passed back from Japan in the late Qing Dynasty. However, on page 316 of "Biejuan", which contains the "Catalog of Yun Jing Zi's Transmission and Oral Transmission·Zhiwei Yun Jing's Preface to Wen Shu", the editor quotes the original text of "Xi'an Chuan Oral Transmission" and says: "Master Xi Tan made a mistake. "It can be seen that Japanese monks also believe that "Yunjing" is Xitanxue. 　　Comparing the rhyme diagrams created by Xitan is not entirely a matter of following the same trend. Sanskrit has 14 vowels and Chinese rhymes have 206. The number of letters (initial consonants) is said to be 36. It is impossible to write a chapter using 206×36. I have to use one rhyme or several similar rhymes to make a picture, and use the initial consonants to rotate. The whole book uses 206 rhymes (divided into several groups) in rotation. Several rhymes can be summarized into one unit called "photography". Photograph (parigraha) is a word in Buddhist books that means "summary". For example, "The Theory of Entering the Right Theory due to Ming" says: "This is how to summarize the essence of all theories. "(No. 1629, page 10) 206 is divided into 4 parts: Ping, Shang, Go, and Ru. The number is around 60. It is not difficult to summarize it into 12 or 16 shots (the earliest equal rhyme pictures were only summarized into about 40 "picture". "Yunjing·Tiaoyunzhiwei" is called "Forty-three Turns", and there is no term "photography" yet. "The Picture of Obvious Four Tones and Equal Rhymes" is directly called "Zhang").
Edit the diagram in this paragraph
　　Now let’s use the picture “External Turn Twenty-Third” from “Yun Jing” as an example (Figure 1). "Open" means there is no u-type medial sound, and "close" means there is. Later generations of phonologists collectively called it "Hu". This word was originally just used as "pronunciation" or "reading" in modern dialect. Later, "hu" also became a term, becoming the general name of "open mouth call" and "closed call call". The entire picture has 6 large grids horizontally and 5 large grids vertically. The six large boxes on the top are used by the painter to illustrate the nature of the initial consonants (letters). From right to left, the first cell is "labial sound", the second cell is "lingual sound", the third cell is "dental sound", the fourth cell is "dental sound", and the fifth cell is "glossal sound". The collective name of the 5 groups is "Five Tones". "Tongzhi Qiyinlue" uses Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng, and Yu, which are borrowed from music terms (C, D, E, G, А), which makes no sense. The 6th fret is "Glossal-Dental Sound", including "Semi-Glossal Sound" and "Semi-Dental Sound". The "Tiaoyun Zhiwei" at the beginning of the volume of "Yunjing" says: "The character Ruolai starts with the tongue and then the teeth, which is called the lingula; the character "Japanese" starts with the teeth and then the tongue, which is called the radula. ""Qiyinlue" is called "Half Zheng, Half Shang". The lips, tongue, teeth, teeth, throat, half tongue and half teeth are collectively called "seven sounds". A total of 36 letters are obtained, arranged in 23 vertical rows. There is a table of "Thirty-Six Letters" at the end of "Tiaoyun Zhiwei": 　 The gang bang and the bright end are transparent and the mud is seen and the stream is doubtful and clear. There are two groups of "labial sounds" here. One group is called "heavy lip sound" (later used to be called "heavy lip sound"), which includes both accompaniment and clear expression. According to modern estimates, it is probably a "bilabial sound" when writing. The other group called "Light Labial Sound" (later called "Light Lip") includes non-fu Fengwei, probably with "labial and dental sounds". There are also two groups of "tongue sounds". One group is called "tongue sound", including Duan Tong Ding Mu. This is to pronounce the stop sound with the tip of the tongue on the back of the teeth. The other group is called "supralingual sound", including Zhiche Chengniang. Luo Changpei said that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue behind the gums. There are also two groups of "dental sounds". One group is called "dental head sounds" including Jing Qing Cong Xin Xie, which is the affricates and fricatives produced by the tip of the tongue on the back of the teeth. The other group is called orthodental pronunciation, which includes zhaochuan bedshenchan, which is probably pronounced with the tongue blade (or tip of the tongue) behind the alveolar or alveolar gingiva. "Dental sound" includes Jianxi group sound, which is a stop sound at the base of the tongue and a nasal sound in the same part. "Gutteral sounds" include shadow-box metaphors, which are root fricatives, glottal stops and semi-vowels. "Half-tongue sound" refers to the mother, which is a side sound. The semi-dental sound refers to the Japanese consonant, which is generally considered to be a nasal sound in front of the tongue plus a fricative sound. The Sanskrit word "Modo" m╣ta or m╣t╱k╣ originally meant mother, and later it was used to refer to the 14 vowels plus the two dots of emptiness and nirvana, which are roughly the vowels. The use of the word m╣ta to refer to the initial consonant is a borrowing, because Sanskrit occasionally uses m╣ta to refer to all alphabets. 　　etc. 　　 Each large cell at the top also has "clear", "sub-clear", "voiced", " "Clear and turbid" various annotations. "Qing" and "turbid" have been used as musical terms since the pre-Qin Dynasty. "Han Feizi·Shi Guo" mentioned "Qing Shang", "Qing Jiao" and other music. Kong Yingda's "Book of Rites, Music, and Justice" said: "From Huang Zhong to Zhong Lu, it is turbid, and the elder is also turbid." When Ruibin comes to Yingzhong, it will be clear, and if it is short, it will be clear. "Length and shortness refer to what the law officer says." If the pipe is long, the sound will be low; if the pipe is short, the sound will be high; this is the law of wind instruments. Because the vocal cord vibration of consonants, especially stop consonants, is generally low-frequency, it is most natural to translate Sanskrit n╣da╪ and gho▄a╪ as "voiced". ▂v╣sa╪ and agho▄a╪ naturally need to be translated as "Qing". Consonants affect the tone of words. Most of the dialects in the country distinguish between (yin), turbidity (yang) and flatness, and the vast majority of them are clear, high, turbid and low. Guangzhou dialect is the most typical. After its four tones are split, each one is clear, high, turbid and low. Japan's Shi Mingjue said in "Xitan Essentials": "The sound that is low at the beginning and high at the end can be the most important sound. ” (No. 2706, page 507) shows that the pronunciation imported to Japan in the Tang Dynasty started with a low tone. The Japanese Buddhist monk Shi Laozun said in his "Si Tan Lun Sketch Copy": "The upper voice is heavier, the first is lower and the later is higher; the upper voice is softer, the first and later are both higher. ” (No. 2709, page 657) can also testify. An Ran's "Xitan Zang" quoted Yijing's "Nan Hai Ji Gui Nei Dharma Zhuan" three times: "The twenty-five characters such as the right foot and the eight characters below, there are always thirty-three characters, called 'Chu Zhang'; they must all be read in the upper voice. , don't read the words and go in flat. "(No. 2702, page 380) This means that when pronouncing Sanskrit ka... and other consonants, you must use Gaoping tone (ud╣tta). You should not just stick to Chinese characters and pronounce them in other tones. From this point of view, "clear" means that the vocal cords do not vibrate, which affects the pitch of the word. The first Sanskrit word for bisound is called prathama, and the second word is called dvitīya. The Chinese translation is "second clear", which just means the second unvoiced word. Mistakenly thinking that "sub" means "poor", and thus adding the words "quan (Qing)" to "Qing" is meaningless. Nasal and lateral sounds are called "voiceless" because the analysis is not precise. 　　Judging from Shi Zun's words quoted above, he replaced "clear and turbid" with "light and heavy". Pei's "Nirvana Text" (No. 2702, page 412) notes "call it a little softly" under ka and "call it a little harder" under kha. It can be seen that "light" refers to alpapr╣╯a) (stingy), and "heavy" refers to mah╣pr╣╯a (airy). Not all other rhyme books follow this correct definition, and many use it incorrectly. 　　The second vertical square is the flat tone character, the third is the ascending tone character, the fourth is the falling tone character, and the fifth is the entering tone character. Ping, Shang, Qu and go into the general name "four tones". The big characters in the last box on the far left of each picture are the rhymes of "Guangyun" or "Rhyme of the Ministry of Rites". If there are sounds but no characters in the picture, circle them. In a large grid, the words are arranged in 4 small horizontal rows. The first row is called first class, the second row is called second class, the third row is called third class, and the fourth row is called fourth class. The name "Deng Yun" originated from here. What does "wait" mean? Jiang Yong of the Qing Dynasty said in "Phonetics Analysis": "There are four levels of phonology. The first level is grand, the second level is secondary, the third and fourth levels are all fine, and the fourth level is especially fine. ” Judging from this statement, “waiting” refers to the opening of the main vowel. Take "Yun Mirror" and turn it over to Chapter 23. In the left grid, write the four rhymes "Han, Xiao, Xian, Xian", facing one, two, three, four and so on. According to calculations by Swedish Golbenhan and others, people in the Tang Dynasty pronounced the first-class pronunciation with the [ɑ] vowel. When pronouncing the second degree, use the vowel sound similar to [奃]. The vowel [ε] is used to pronounce the third degree, and there is an i-type medial sound. When pronouncing the fourth degree, use the [e] vowel. Since it is divided into 4 rhymes, the main vowels must not be the same. Jiang Yong’s words are credible. However, because some initial consonants (letters, Niu) only spell with a certain "equal" rhyme, such as Fei, Fu, Feng, Wei generally only spell with the third-order rhyme, people also call them "third-class Niu". This is a borrowed term. If there are some buttons that only spell the first and fourth rhymes, such as Jing, Qing, and others, and some buttons that only spell the second and third rhymes, such as Zhao, Chuang, etc., people can write them together in one large grid. Inside. Since initial consonants and "equal" have a fixed matching relationship, Jiang Yong also said: "The method of identifying equals must be based on letter identification", which is to use initial consonants to reversely deduce which grade the rhyme belongs to. People with rhyme pictures don't need to bother with this. 　　 and other rhyme terms are not uniform. "Yunjing" Qiyun is listed in the thirteenth opening of the external turn; it is the fourth-class rhyme. The word "Chicken", "Gu Xi Qie", is the same as "Gu Xi Qie", the first-class rhyme rhyme word "Gai". The branch rhyme "gui" of the fifth conjunction in internal turn is also filled in the fourth grade, but "jusuiqie" does not use "古" as the upper character "qie". According to research by Gao Benhan and others, "gu" and "ju" in "Qie Yun" are not the same category: then there are two types of fourth category. Lu Zhiwei calls Qi, Xian, Xiao... and Yi with the same cut characters as the fourth-class rhymes of "pure". Zhi, Zhi, Ji, Zhen, Xian, Xiao, invade, salt, etc. have both third-class and fourth-class rhymes. The rhyme of equal characters is called "three and four equal rhymes". This type of third- and fourth-class rhymes with laryngeal and dental labial sounds of both third and fourth class is called "chong-out laryngeal-labial sound", and Dong Tonghe calls it "chong-niu". Lu's explanation is that the pure fourth degree has no intermediary sound, the third and fourth degree rhymes use the I intermediary sound for the third degree, and the fourth degree uses the i intermediary sound. The Japanese Shi Mingjue's "Xitan Yaozhao" 2 says: "i...Xuan Zang said '一'...". ” (No. 2706, page 527) Tang Shi Huilin’s “Sound and Meaning of All Sutras” notes the twenty-five strokes as “Yi goes up and Yi goes away” (No. 2128, page 470). These two materials may indicate that the third-degree medial consonant of the Tang pronunciation is ╱, and the fourth-degree medial consonant is the semivowel y. Pushing down from here, he pronounces ╱with ╱i sound, just like most people in India and Europe. His "B" is pronounced [*夿rid], and "一" is pronounced [*夿yid]. "Yi" is the third-class character of "Zhiyun" and "Chongnuo", and "一" is the fourth-class character of "Chongnuo".
Edit Usage of this paragraph
Fanqie
　　 Later generations used equal rhyme, mainly to help people deduce the contemporary pronunciation of each character from fanqie.
Example 1
　　Now take the "Qie Yun Zhi Palm Picture" as an example (Figure 2). There is a "General Catalog of Twenty Pictures" at the beginning of this book, which is equivalent to an index. They are: ① Gao, Jiao (-ao, -iao), ② Gong, Gong (-ong, -iong), ③ Gu, Ju (-u, -ü), ④ Hook, dove (-ou, -iou) , ⑤ Gan, Jian (-am, -iam), ⑥ Gold (-im), ⑦ Qian, Qian (-an, ian), ⑧ Official, Juan (-uan, -üan), ⑨ Root, Jin (-en , -in), ⑩ Kun, Jun (-un, -ün), ? Ge, Jia (-e, -ia), ? Ge (fruit), melon (-uo, -ua), ? Gang, Jiang (- ang, -iang), ?光 (-uang), ?觥,扃(-ong, -iong), ?搄, Jing (-eng, -ing), ?会(-ai, -ie),? Ji(-i),?Puppet(-uei),?Guai(-uai). The sounds ⑤⑥ are only used by people who sing Kun Opera. The pronunciation here is somewhat inconsistent with modern pronunciation, because it was written in the Song Dynasty. The person who looked up the word encountered a "?" character and noted that it said "古红奇". Using the general picture, we know that "ancient" is in the 3rd picture. Turn to picture 3 and see that "古" is in the first horizontal line of the upper tone case, and the vertical line is black and white under the word "见". Reuse the general diagram to know -ong in Figure 2. Turn to picture 2 and look at the word "红" (=red) on the black ground under the white word "Xia". Now push it sideways to the "见" character grid, and you will know that the character "?" is pronounced "公" here. The book "Jianli Shang" says: "First look for the mother of the word "Shang", and then look for the rhyme to search horizontally. "It's just about this process. 　　etc.
Example 2
　　Another example is looking up the word "?" for "Xu Liangqie". From the 3rd picture, we know that "Xu" belongs to the 3rd row of "Xiao" mother. Then use the general map to find the 13th picture. "Liang" is in the 4th row under the white word "Lai" on the black ground. From here, push horizontally to the "xiao" character grid, encounter a ○, and then go up one wrong grid, which is the word "香". Just know that the word "?" should be pronounced "香". "Jianli Shang" says: "When the eye is empty, take it up and down. "Another example is looking up the word "秠" in "Pian Yiqie". I checked the picture and found out that -ian is in picture 8. I found that "Pian" itself is under the word "悂" written in white on a black background. From the general map, I found the 18th picture of -i. When I found it, the word "shift" was under the word "Yu". Push it horizontally until the word "pang" lines up vertically, and there is a white circle. I had to look up picture 19. Under the line of the word "pang" is the word "beryllium", so I know that the word "秠" is pronounced "铠". "Jianli Shang" says: "This leaf has no front or back contraction at all. "Another example is looking up the word "蜜" for "Yu Jiuqie". Use the general picture to find out that the homophone word "舁" for "Yu" is in the 4th row under the word "Yu" in the 3rd picture. Look at picture 4 and you will see that "save" is under the word "see". Push horizontally to the bottom of the word "Yu" and go to the 4th horizontal line, and encounter the strange character "狖". It is difficult to recognize the character itself, so we have to push it from the flat tone above to the upper tone, which is "you, unitary", then the character is pronounced "you". "Jianli Shang" says: "When you see a word occasionally but don't know it, you can find it when you go up to the level." "This is the way to look up this type of words. 　　 Phonology experts can better understand the phonology of "Qie Yun" by using early equal rhyme books. Using late equal rhyme books, they can deduce the dialect of the person who wrote the book and examine the phonetic changes since the Song Dynasty.
Edit the evolution of this paragraph
　　After being circulated for a long time, the pronunciation has changed, and people feel that some rhyme books are different from the actual pronunciation. The general trend is that people have to change. Generally speaking, people in the Song and Yuan Dynasties repaired bits and pieces, while people in the Ming and Qing Dynasties could not help but make drastic changes. The authors in the "Mandarin" area were particularly at risk. This kind of work is not so much writing a book on waiting for rhymes, but rather writing a report on the investigation of dialects. At this point, the relationship between waiting for rhymes and Xitan is no longer at all.
Edit this paragraph except for
　　In the process of evolution, people found that some fanqie in "Yun Shu" did not completely match the arrangement of equal rhymes. For example, "The Two-letter Song of Distinguishing Box Metaphors" in the first volume of "Qiyun Zhizhang Tu" says: "The box que is a metaphor for finding in three or four boxes, and it is a metaphor for being poor in one or two boxes. The ancient "Shi" (such as "Classic Commentary") and "Yin" (such as Chen Zan's "Yin and Yi of the Han Dynasty") have many records. Today's "Pian" ("Yupian", "Lei Pian") and "Yun" ("Guangyun") ", "Ji Yun") meet each other less often. ” This is the kind of phenomenon we are talking about. 　　Monks are very cautious (conservative). They only set up some regulations and provide some exceptions, but they do not change them easily. For example, "Qieyunzhizhangtu" has "Diagnostic Classification and Separation Cases" which says: "Replace 'Pu' with 'Fu', and its classes are 'Feng' and 'Bing'. ...Use '无' to replace 'Mo', which is similar to 'Wei' and 'Ming'; use 'Ding' to replace 'Zhong', which is similar to 'Zhi' and 'Duan'. ...'Pi' word "Guangyun" "Fuji"qie...('Fu' word is the letter of Feng) is combined into a category separator: take a 'Pu' word below the word 'Bing' and make it 'Pujiqie' The word "yinpi" is clear. "This kind of text explaining exceptions was later called "Menfa". "Sikubiao" under "Guide to the Correct Sound and Rhyme of Classics and History" states that "the original version is not appended to the volume "Zhizhi Jade Key" by Ming Shi Vacuum. It turns out that in the "Guanzhu Collection" compiled by Vacuum... I don't know who separated the text and appended it to this book, and attached a volume of Ruoyu's "Zhizhi Dharma Gate". The purpose of the words is clumsy, which is equivalent to "Guanzhu". It’s also useless..." can represent the comments of most scholars in later generations. Generally speaking, there are more criticisms and less praises. 　　Each rhyme volume in "Guangyun" is marked with the words "only for use" and "for common use" in the header, indicating that the combined rhymes are semi-legal. For example, "Zhizhang Tu" combines "zhizhi" into one category, and people have no complaints. The descendants of the "alphabet" have changed, and if someone merges with them, there will be opposition. Jiang Yong's "Phonetics Discrimination: Distinguishing Letters" said: "It cannot be added, it cannot be reduced, it cannot be moved. ” represents orthodox opinion. The "Containing Four Tones Rhyme Pictures" recorded at the front of "Kangxi Dictionary" has 36 letters, but only two pages of rhyme are left. There are also some boldly deleting letters, such as "Early Plum Blossom Poems".
Edit this paragraph example
　　[Waiting] #děngdài Not taking action until the desired person, thing or situation appears: wait for the opportunity. 　　〖Example〗After the exam, the students were anxiously waiting for the results to be announced. 　　【Level】 #děngjí Differences based on quality, degree, status, etc.: divided into three levels according to quality. 　　【Just take it easy】 #děngxián ① Ordinary; ordinary: Take it easy. ② Casual; easy: Don’t let your hair turn gray easily. 　　〖Example〗Developing good habits is very important, and we must not take it lightly.

Write a reading note "The Peach Blossom Spring"

Excerpts from "The Peach Blossom Spring"

1. Original text

The following text of "The Notes" and "Poems" are still determined by Yuan Xingpei's "Notes on the Collection of Tao Yuanming: The Peach Blossom Spring (Combined Poems)".

(1) "Peach Blossom Spring"

During the Taiyuan period of Jin Dynasty, the people of Wuling were engaged in fishing. Walking by the stream, I forget how far the road is. Suddenly I came across a peach blossom forest, hundreds of steps across the bank. There were no miscellaneous trees in the middle, the flowers were fresh and beautiful, and the fallen flowers were colorful. Fishermen are very different. Going forward again, I want to exhaust the forest.

When the forest is exhausted and the water source is exhausted, there is a mountain. There is a small opening in the mountain, as if there is light. Then he left the boat and entered through the mouth. At first he was extremely narrow, but only then did he understand people. After walking dozens of steps, I suddenly became enlightened. The land is flat and vast, with well-groomed houses, fertile fields, beautiful ponds, mulberry trees, and bamboos. There is traffic on every street, and chickens and dogs hear each other. Among them, the men and women are dressed like outsiders. His yellow hair hangs down, and he is contented with himself.

When he saw the fisherman, he was shocked. He asked where he had come from, and he gave him an answer. He wanted to return home and kill chickens for food. Hearing about this person in the village, Xian came to inquire. Ziyun's ancestors fled the chaos of the Qin Dynasty and led his wife's people to come to this desperate situation. They never came back and were separated from outsiders. When I ask what era this is, I don’t know whether there was the Han Dynasty or the Wei and Jin Dynasties. What this person said one by one made everyone sigh with regret③. The rest of the people went to their homes again, where they all had wine and food. Stop for a few days and resign. One of the people said: "It's not enough to teach outsiders. ”

After getting out and getting the boat, he helped him to the road and looked for it everywhere. When reaching the county, the prefect Yi said this. The prefect immediately sent people to follow him in search of his desired direction, but he became lost and could no longer find his way.

Nanyang Liu Ziji ④, a noble scholar. After hearing it, I happily went there. To no avail, the search for the disease ended, and then no one asked for help ⑤/.

(2) Peach Blossom Spring Poem

The Ying family is in chaos, and wise men avoid it.

Huang Qi's Shangshan, the beautiful lady also passed away.

The traces of the past are lost and forgotten, and the paths of the past are in ruins.

He was ordered to farm as much as he could, and rest wherever he went.

Mulberry and bamboo hang down the remaining shade, and bean sprouts are always in season.

Silkworms harvest filaments in spring, and the king's tax is paid when they ripen in autumn.

The deserted road is full of traffic, and chickens and dogs bark at each other.

Zu Dou is still the ancient method, and there is no new way to make clothes.

Children and children are singing songs, and their classes are enjoying their walks.

The grass is strong and harmonious, and the wood is weak and strong.

Although there is no calendar, the four seasons form their own years.

If you are happy and happy, why bother with wisdom.

The strange trace has been hidden for five hundred years, and once it opened to the divine world.

Simple and thin, it has a different origin, but it also turns into darkness.

I would like to ask the traveling alchemist, how can I judge what is outside the hustle and bustle of the city?

I would like to whisper in the breeze and hold high to find my contract.

2. Interpretation

1. "Peach Blossom Spring"

[Note]
Peach Blossom Spring: thirty miles southwest of Taoyuan County, Changde, Hunan Province. "Changde Prefecture Chronicle": Thirty miles southwest of the county, south of Wutou Village, is Taoyuan Cave, which was a place for Qin people to avoid chaos.

Wuling: present-day Changde City, Hunan Province.

① Jin Taiyuanzhong: "Yi Wen Lei Ju" was written as "Taikang".

Taiyuan (376-396), the reign name of Sima Yao, Emperor Xiaowu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Taikang (280-289), the reign name of Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Western Jin Dynasty.

According to "Poetry of Peach Blossom Spring": The strange trace has been hidden for five hundred years, and once it opened up to the divine world. From Qin (221 BC-206 BC) to Taikang (280-289), it was about "five hundred years" (486-510). It seems that "Taikang" should be regarded as the correct one;

If from "Qin" to "Taiyuan", the two are different (582-617 years). It is inconsistent with "five hundred years". However, Mr. Lu Qinli believes that this is just a "large number" (this large number is too big).

Also from "The Peach Blossom Spring": Nanyang Liu Ziji... heard about it and went there happily. Then it seems that "Tai Yuan" is the right one. Leave it alone.

②Falling flowers: Falling flowers, one said, refers to "falling flowers", falling down one after another. One saying refers to the "first blooming flower", describing the peach blossoms growing in abundance. Both theories make sense. <ph73> "Regret" in a non-modern sense. The two words "sigh" are used synonymously. It is intended to express the wonder of the villagers at what the fisherman said.

Probably more "frightened" and "surprised" than "envious". They do not envy or yearn for the outside world. Instead, they find this paradise thanks to their ancestors, which saves them from the pain of war.

"The rest of the people went to their homes and drank and ate." These people invited the "fisherman" home, maybe just to satisfy their curiosity and listen to the stories outside. Finally, when he was leaving, he specifically warned the fisherman: This is not enough for outsiders.

But the fisherman did the opposite, marking his way back. The purpose was to "find out what the prefect said", but this "wonderland" seemed to have a spirit. After knowing the fisherman's report, it disappeared. Worldly people "find their way to where they want to be, but they will never find the way."

The qualities of "people of the world" and "people of peach blossoms" can be seen from this.

There is a deep silent irony towards the "fisherman-like" secular people conveyed between the lines.

Even if you are as noble as Liu Ziji of Nanyang, you cannot find the "Peach Garden". Is it because his qualifications are not enough?

④Nanyang Liu Ziji: According to the biography of "Book of Jin·Volume 94·Biography 64·Hermit·Liu Daozhi":

⑤No one showed any interest: there was no one after that Let’s go look for the “Peach Blossom Spring” again.

According to the "Analects of Confucius: Wei Zi", Changju and Jie indulged themselves in farming. Confucius passed it and made Zilu ask about it. This article refers to seeking.

2. "Poetry of the Peach Blossom Spring"

[Notes]

① Huang Qi of Shangshan: Huang Qi, two of the four bright stars of Shangshan, refers to a sage who lives in seclusion. According to Sima Zhen's "Suoyin" note in "Historical Records: The Liuhou Family":

Four people, four Hao. They are called Mr. Dong Yuan Gong, Xia Huang Gong, Qili Ji, and Lu (lù) Li.

② I would like to ask the wandering alchemist: The wandering alchemist refers to the people in the world. According to the records of "Zhuangzi: The Great Master":

Confucius said: "He is the one who is outside the Wandering Fang; and Qiu is the one who is inside the Wandering Fang." "

Cheng Xuanying notes: Fang means area. Xi Dong annotated: "The Analects of Confucius" "knows prescriptions"; Zheng annotated "Prescriptions, etiquette".

[Interpretation]

(1) The Ying family is in chaos, and sages avoid it.

Qin Shihuang's Yingzheng destroyed the way of heaven, went against the grain, imposed excessive taxes and expropriations; as a result, the sages shunned the world and lived in seclusion.

(2) Huang Qi's Shangshan, the beautiful woman passed away in the clouds.

Xia Huanggong, Qili Ji and other four people then went to Shangshan to live in seclusion; the people in Peach Blossom Spring also lived in seclusion from Qin at this time.

(3) The traces of the past are lost and forgotten, and the paths of the past are in ruins.

The way the Taoyuan people came to the Peach Blossom Spring has long been gradually obliterated and abandoned, and is no longer known.

(4) He is ordered to farm and rest wherever he goes.

(In the Peach Garden) They encouraged each other to work hard in farming; they worked at sunrise and rested at sundown, each finding his own place.

(5) Mulberry and bamboo hang down the remaining shade, and bean sprouts are in season at any time.

(Because there is no external influence, mulberry trees and bamboo trees grow very luxuriantly, even if they are used) there are still large shady areas; crops can be planted and harvested on time.

(6) Silkworms harvest filaments in spring, and the king’s tax is paid when they ripen in autumn.

There is no need to pay taxes to the government when collecting silk in spring and harvesting grain in autumn.

(7) The deserted road is full of traffic, and chickens and dogs bark at each other.

Although the overgrown roads hinder traffic (outside and inside); but (in Taoyuan) chickens and dogs bark at each other (lively and peaceful).

(8) Zudou is still the ancient method, and there is no new way to make clothes.

Their etiquette was still the same as when Qin came in; their clothes remained ancient, and no new styles were made.

(9) Children and children sing songs and enjoy their walks.

Children sing songs freely; old people can also play around and visit each other (it can be said that young people grow up and old people die together).

(10) The grass is strong and harmonious, and the wood is weak and strong.

If you see the prosperity and decline of vegetation, you can identify the changes in the seasons; if you see the rise and fall of vegetation, you can understand the changes of the monsoon.

(11) Although there is no record, the four seasons form their own years.

Although there is no official almanac, the four seasons of the year can be calculated by yourself (based on natural phenomena and life experience).

(12) Why bother with wisdom when you are so happy?

(Self-sufficiency) Pleasure and having more than enough fun; where is the extra wisdom (tact) needed?

(13) The strange trace has been hidden for five hundred years, and once it opened to the world of gods.

They have lived in seclusion here for five hundred years from the Qin Dynasty to the Jin Dynasty; now they have opened the door to let the outside world (fishermen) know about this mysterious fairyland.

(14) Simple and thin, it has a different origin, but it also turns into a secret.

They found that there was a huge difference between the inside and outside, and there was an essential difference. The people on the outside were humble, while the people on the inside were simple; so they immediately hid themselves (not to be discovered).

(15) I would like to ask the wandering alchemist how to judge what is outside the hustle and bustle of the city.

I would like to ask those secular people who are obsessed with striving for power and gain, how can you understand the fairyland life outside the earthly world?

(16) I would like to whisper in the breeze and hold high the contract to find me.

(Tao Yuanming) I am willing to step on the breeze and the bright moon to pursue a life that suits me.

4. The location of the "Peach Blossom Spring" and its prototype,

"The Peach Blossom Spring" was used by Tao Yuanming to "entrust his ideals", so it may not be of much significance to verify whether the stories in it are true or false. However, this only applies to Tao Yuanming as "the author himself".

When it comes to "research", you have to get to the bottom of it. As I said in the "Introduction", any "typical image" created in literature is just a processing of a certain image in real life. It cannot be divorced from reality and transcends reality. It is a special kind of "artistic reality". ”.

Naturally, when we read "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring", we will have thoughts such as "Where is the actual location of Wuling County?" and "Is the Peach Blossom Spring definitely in "Wuling County?" and other thoughts.
The debate over "the location of the Peach Blossom Spring and its prototype" was initiated by Mr. Chen Yinke, who unearthed the issue of "Wubi" in "history" regarding people's movement and settlement during the Wei and Jin Dynasties. Later, more and more people wrote papers for him, among which Mr. Tang Changru was the most famous. The famous "Chen-Tang Controversy" about "Peach Blossom Spring" was formed.
(1) Chen Yinke and "Circumstantial Evidence of "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring""

Tao Yuanming's "The Story of the Peach Blossom Spring" is both an "allegorical text" and a "documentary text."

It is an "allegorical text", which is known to all ancient and modern times and does not need to be discussed in detail.

This is a "documentary text". Although the sages of the past and recent generations have quite a few commentators, what they said is often wrong, so I have not prepared a new interpretation.

"Circumstantial Evidence of "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring"" focuses on the "documentary" (prototype) part of "The Story of Peach Blossom Spring". The "meaning" part is known to both ancient and modern people, so it is abandoned.

1. "Wubi" prototype

This article first explains the reasons and situation of population migration during the war between the two Jin Dynasties from a macro background. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Rongdi and bandits rose up together, and the people went into exile. Some of them are refugees who "can move far away from homeland". With the capital Luoyang as the center, they migrate in three directions:

One is to migrate south to the hometown of Soochow (mostly);

One is to migrate to the northeast and take shelter under the Murong regime of Xianbei;

The other is to flow to the northwest and return to Zhanggui of Liangzhou.

There are also some people who are nostalgic for their hometown and "cannot move far away from their hometown." This group of people often unite with clan and township parties, gather in "baowu", and defend themselves in danger to avoid soldiers and thieves. Difficulty.

(1) Yu Gun's "Yushanwu"

According to the original biography of "Book of Jin·Volume 88·Biography 58·Xiaoyou·Yu Gun":

Zhang Hong and others looted Yangzhai, and Gun Nai led his people and common people to protect them in Yushan. It was a time when the people were at peace and no one knew what to do about war and defense. Gun said: "Confucius said: To fight without teaching is to give up. Then he gathered all the people and made a plan, saying: If two or three gentlemen are in danger, they will protect their relatives, their wives, and their children. There is an ancient saying: When thousands of people gather together, if one person is not the dominant one, it will be chaos. What will happen? Everyone said: Good. The master of today is none other than the king! ......

Therefore, it is dangerous and dangerous, so we have to clear the path, build the "wall dock", set up tributary barriers, test the merits, and calculate the feet and feet. , Things should be suitable for them, so that the city should promote its strengths, the locals should promote its talents, and the body should lead them. ......

When the thieves arrive, Gon will rein in his troops and line up the troops, holding them full but not moving. The thief challenged him, but Yan Ran didn't move and said nothing. The thieves obeyed his caution, but were afraid of his integrity, so they all retreated. This is the third case.

(2) Su Jun

According to the biography of "Book of Jin·Volume 100·Biography 70·Su Jun":

During the Yongjia Rebellion, the people went into exile. , where the village gathers. Junjiu gathered thousands of families and formed a base in this county (Ye County). At that time, the heroes gathered there, and Jun was the strongest. Xu Wei, the commander-in-chief, was sent to visit all the villages to show that he would be transformed into a king. He also collected the dead bones and buried them. People near and far appreciate his kindness and respect him as the main one. Then he shot and hunted in the green mountains by the sea.

(3) Zu Ti and other dock owners

The original biography of "Book of Jin·Volume 62·Biography 32·Zu Ti" records:

Early , Bei Zhonglang sent Liu Yan away to Shi Leye, and the exiled "Wu Lords" Zhang Ping, Fan Ya and others were in Qiao. Yan Shuping was appointed as the governor of Yuzhou and Ya was appointed as the prefect of Qiao County. There are also more than ten tribes such as Dong Zhan, Yu Wu, Xie Fu, etc., each numbering hundreds of people, and they all belong to Ping. ...And the rest of Zhang Ping's troops helped Ya attack Ti. Chen Chuan, the "Dockmaster" of Pengpi, named himself General Ningshuo and Grand Administrator Chenliu. Ti sent envoys to Sichuan to ask for help, and Sichuan sent general Li Tou to lead the crowd to help, and Ti then conquered Qiao City. ...(Huan) Xuan then stayed to help Ti attack those who were not attached to "Tunwu". ... In the fort on the river, there was a man named Renzi who was in Hu, and they all listened to the two subordinates. At that time, they sent out troops to pretend to copy it, making it clear that they did not attach it. The owners of the docks were grateful that there was a conspiracy in the barbarians, and they often heard about it secretly. This is also the reason for the gains before and after.

(4) Xi Jian's "Yishanwu"

Also cited in "Yi Wen Lei Ju" 92, "Jin Zhong Xing Shu" records:

The Central Plains were in chaos, and the villagers were in chaos. So Xi Jian was chosen as the leader, and he and more than a thousand furniture took refuge in "Yishan" in the state of Lu. The mountain was dangerous.

"Taiping Yulan" 42 quotes "Geographical Records":

Mount Yi is in the north of Zouxian County,... it is tall and beautiful, with piles of rocks adjacent to each other, and almost no soil. There are many holes in the rocks, and the holes are connected to each other, often like several residences. They are called "holes" in common people. When there is chaos, people often invade the valley. Although there are many foreign invaders, they can do no harm. In Yongjiazhong, Taiwei Xi Jian's general Xiangqu fled here. The barbarian thieves attacked and defended, but they could not get there.

The biography of "Book of Jin·Volume 67·Biography 37·Xi Jian" records:

Jian De returned to his hometown. At that time, there was a famine, and the people in the state were always grateful for his kindness and righteousness, so they helped him. The income obtained from Jian's redistribution was used to support the clan and the orphans and elders in rural areas, and many people relied on it. Xiang Xian said: "Today Zibo Yue has no uncle (hegemon) in the Central Plains. He should return to benevolence and perish later." So they all took the lead and took more than a thousand pieces of furniture to take refuge in "Yishan" in Lu.

So what is "Dock"? "Shuowen": Anhui is also a small barrier. One is called Laocheng.

According to Mr. Chen Yinke's research, most people with "Wu" as their place name were "Northwest" in the early days. The more famous ones include Dong Zhuo's "Xiwu" and "Zhao Yuwu" collected by the London Museum.

The first words I saw were Wang Ba's "building a dock" in the six records of Yuan Hong's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty", and the words "starting a dock" in the May 4th "Biography of Ma Yuan" in the "Book of the Later Han".

In order to prevent Huma's tombs and thieves from wreaking havoc, the people who stayed in the north could only gather together and pool their strength to prevent the invasion. How similar it is to the people who stayed in the north and gathered together to fight against the Jin Dynasty when the Song Dynasty went south.

Therefore, at that time, there were many and extensive dock-building sites in the Central Plains. For example, the article "Luoshui" in Volume 15 of "Shui Jing Zhu" records: The docks that Luoshui passes through include Tanshan dock, Jinmen dock, Yihe dock, Yunzhong dock, Heshui dock, Lingxing dock, Baigu dock, Yuan Gongwu, Panguwu, Fanwu, Yang Zhiwu ("Chen Yinke's Lectures on the History of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties"). These are just fortresses in the Luoshui River Basin. This is evident.

There are many of these so-called dock walls, and some of them are on flat land. However, the most ideal places to avoid chaos for a long time are those places that are dangerous, have water sources, and can be cultivated. That is, "the plains on the mountain tops and the sources of streams and streams."

To sum up, "Wubao" was a clan-based social organization entity integrating economy and military in the north at that time. It can both live and prevent invasion.

The people in these "Wubao" are almost the prototypes of the Taoyuan people in "Peach Blossom Spring".

2. "Story" prototype

Who are the prototypes of the remaining "fisherman" and "Liu Ziji" in "Peach Blossom Spring"? And where did the prototype of the story connected by them come from?

In the thirteenth year of Emperor Yixi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (417), Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty Liu Yu made a northern expedition and occupied Chang'an. Later Qin (Yao Qin) was destroyed. Dai Yanzhi (Dai Zuo) was following Liu Yu on his expedition. During this period, he recorded his experiences in the book "The Western Expedition", which has been lost to history. However, there is a quotation in "Shui Jing Zhu":

Luoshui is also east, passing south of Tanshan Mountain. The mountain is isolated on all four sides, and there is a dock on the mountain, which is commonly known as "Tanshan dock".

During the Yixi period (405-418), Liu Gong (Liu Yu) entered Chang'an westward. The boat division was assigned to Luoyang, and he ordered "Dai Yanzhi" to join the army and "Yu Daoyuan" from Fushe to go upstream in the boat. Take a close look at "Luochuan" and want to know where the navy can go. "Yanzhi" returns here but fails to reach its source.

——Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu·Volume 15·Luoshui"

The river flows from the northeast of Tongguan, and there is a long bank on the water side, which is called Huangxiang Ban. The slope is adjacent to the Juejian, and the slope is raised to Tongguan. It is called "tracing the Huangxiang Lane to help Tongguan". From the north to Dongxiao, it is commonly known as "Hangu Pass". ...

Guo Yuansheng's "Records" says: During the chaos at the end of the Han Dynasty, Wei Wu conquered Han Sui and Ma Chao, and even led troops here. To the west of Jinji River, there is Cao Gong's base. On Daodongyuan, there is Li Dian camp. In the thirteenth year of Yixi (417), Wang Shizeng built a base based on this. "Records of the Western Expedition" says: Along the winding road, six miles into Handao, there is an old city with more than a hundred steps around it. It faces a river to the north and mountains to the south. The Yao family set up a pass to guard the gorge, and Emperor Wu of the Song Dynasty entered Chang'an. Tan Daoji and Wang Zhen'e either built camps on mountains or built forts on flat ground. They were divided into seven camps, large and small, with dangers along the river. The Yao family also maintained its position on Shanyuan and Lingfu, and still passed down its old relics. ......

The river flows to the northeast, and the Yujian water flows into it. The water flows out of Yuxi in the south, and flows to the west of "Huangtianyuan" in the north. "Zhou Gu Ji": If you open Shandong first and go to Pingbo, you can make more money. It stands on three sides, thousands of feet high. During the Han Dynasty, people worshiped heaven on it and named it Huangtianyuan. ......

The river flows eastward to the north of Wén Township (wén), and to the east joins Quanjiu Stream. The water comes out of Nanshan and passes east of Huangtianyuan in the north.

"Shu Zheng Ji" says: The whole section is also a place name. Its western name is Taoyuan, the ancient peach forest and the place where King Wu of Zhou conquered Yin and Xiu Niu. "Xizheng Fu" says: Xian Zheng is also named in Taoyuan. "Jin Taikang Diji" says: The peach grove is in the south valley of Que Township.

——Li Daoyuan's "Shui Jing Zhu·Volume 4·River"

"Huang Xiang Tiao" in "Kuang Mao Zheng Su" says:

Guo Yuansheng "Shu Zheng Ji" says: "Huangtianwu" is in the southeast of Wen Township (wén). Or it goes like this: Prince Wei started to run, crying and calling to the emperor. The people felt pity for him, so he was named Wu. Dai Yanzhi's "Western Expedition" says: Huang Tiangu went to Jiuyuan for fifteen miles. According to this, Huang Tian was originally named after Wu Gu, which has its own explanation.

Que Township: Today it was merged into Lingbao County, Henan Province.

According to the record of "Guozhou Nuxiang County" in the "Yuanhe County Map", Chapter 6:

Qinshan, also known as Qinling Mountains, is fifty miles south of the county. It enters Shangzhou in the south and Huazhou in the southwest. The mountain is two thousand feet high and has a circumference of more than three hundred miles. Taoyuan is located ten miles northeast of the county. It is an ancient peach forest and the place where King Wu of Zhou herded cattle.

Another "Article of Lingbao County in Shaanzhou" says:

Taolinsai is located from the west of the county to Tongguan. <ph295>

5. "Qin Go" and "Gui Go"
Qian Zhongshu's annotation on "Gui Go": "The word 'Gui' was commonly used in the Six Dynasties, such as "Book of Wei·Meng Biao Biography": "It is said that she is my uncle's daughter, who was sent by my uncle, and she is the internal response." "Er Zhurong's Biography" also says: "I have the same nature, and I keep my life in mind." All of them are intentions. ” It only shows that the word “gui” in “gui going” makes sense here, but it does not mean that “personally going” is wrong. On the other hand, no one understands the meaning of "personally", and there is no need to provide circumstantial evidence.

Modern literary and historian Fan Ning (1916-1997) once mentioned in an article titled "How to Study Ancient Chinese Literature": "There are very few manuscripts of the ancient works we see today. , generally copied by hand. There were inscriptions after the Song Dynasty, but some people still copied them. It is always inevitable to copy or engrave something wrong. There is a very famous article, Tao Yuanming's "The Peach Blossom Spring", in which there is a sentence: "When you hear it, you will go there happily." Su Shi's manuscript and some later engravings all read "personally", but there is only one Song engraving that reads "guiwen". Indeed, it is easier to understand "going by relatives" than "going by rules", but the following goes on to say: "If you fail, you will end up looking for illness." ’ Since ‘going in person’ means going, why do you say ‘unsuccessful’? Isn’t it self-contradictory? It seems that 'kin' is a typo and should be replaced with 'gui'. ‘Guiwen’ means intending to go. This error is common in ancient works.
Contextual meaning and its emotional logic

Why is "Guiwen" not generally recognized? Because their reasons don't stand up to scrutiny.

"After hearing it, I happily went there in person, but failed. Search, the disease ends. "Translated into vernacular: "(Liu Ziji) heard that someone had discovered a peach blossom garden, and he was very happy to go look for it himself, but he didn't find it. Soon, he died of illness. "It's natural to take over the above, it's very reasonable. In Mr. Fan Ning's words, it is "easy to understand".

However, Wang Yingkui and others interpreted this sentence as "... I was very happy to plan to go looking for it, but it didn't happen. "The so-called "not realized" means that the plan has not been implemented and the plan has not been searched for. They believe that since the "personal visit" cannot be said to be "unsuccessful", because the two are "self-contradictory", it is wrong to infer the "personal visit". This statement is really baffling. I looked for it but couldn’t find it, which is perfectly normal. Previously, the prefect of Wuling had sent people to look for it with the fisherman, but they couldn't find it. Even the fisherman himself couldn't find it. How could he "contradict himself"? Sentences that were originally "easy to understand" have to go round and round, making simple questions complicated. Regarding this point, the following will also specifically demonstrate that

Huang Shenshu's "Peach Blossom Spring" refers to "visiting in person".

Self-sufficient, beautiful environment; no taxes, no war; harmonious neighbors, contentment. Such a "paradise" is something that everyone yearns for. What is a normal person's first reaction when they hear that such a place has been discovered? Of course I am extremely excited and can’t wait to find it! This was the behavior of Wuling Prefect - after hearing the fisherman's report, he "sent his men to follow him" without delaying for a moment. People share the same mentality and principles. What should Liu Ziji do? Of course, it should be "happy to go in person", and it should also be "immediately". However, Wang Yingkui and others insisted on making a "plan" from Liu Ziji, but it has not yet come true. Isn't this funny?

"I happily went there in person, but failed. There is also an inherent connection between "finding, dying of illness" and "those who have no interest in the future". It is precisely because even people like Liu Ziji failed to find the Peach Blossom Spring that others have given up on this idea. If Liu Ziji hadn't looked for it, why would everyone else give up?

"Book of Jin: Biography of Liu Daozhi" [25] records: "Liu Daozhi, courtesy name Ziji, was from Nanyang and belonged to the clan of Guanglu Dafu Dan. As a young man, he values ​​quality, retreats from few desires, and does not practice rituals, so no one knows about him. I like to travel around the mountains and rivers, and am determined to escape. "I went to Hengshan to collect herbs. I went deep into the river and saw a stream. There were two stone gates in the south of the water. One was closed and the other was open." The water is deep and wide and cannot be crossed. When he wanted to return, he lost his way. When he encountered a bowman and asked for the route, he had no choice but to return home. Or it can be said that there are fairy prescriptions, medicines and other miscellaneous things in the community. I want to search even more, but I no longer know where I am. "When Huan Chong, the general of chariots and cavalry, heard of his name, he asked him to be the chief historian, but he refused. "Although I am a crowned clan, my faith is in the small group." "A hundred miles away from home, there was an orphan grandma who was dying of illness. She sighed and said to people: 'Who should bury me?' Only Liu Changshier’! He first heard that he was in trouble, so he went to wait for him. When he died, he was placed in the coffin of the camp to carry him to the funeral. "Book of Jin: Biography of Liu Zuo" states that Liu Ziji "lived in Yangqi". "Shishuo Xinyu Jianshu" states in the Jianshu: "Shui Jing Annotation 35 says: 'The river also passes to the right of Yangqi Mountain to the north, and Shan Shen is a large river. ’ Huanyu Ji 146 says: ‘Yangqi Mountain is one hundred steps west of Shishou County. ’” [26] In other words, Liu Ziji is not only a real person, but he is indeed a righteous and noble man who “loves to travel around mountains and rivers, and is determined to escape.” He even had the experience of “searching” for fairyland!

Tao Yuanming certainly knew that the Peach Blossom Spring was a place of imagination. Since it is a fictional story, why should a real person be included in it? In the annotations at the end of the article, Sun Junxi's "Collation and Annotation of Tao Yuanming's Collection" also quoted the record of "searching for" fairy prescriptions in "Book of Jin: Biography of Liu Dao", and analyzed: "This is a story that was widely circulated in the Jin Dynasty. The poet modified it and attached it to this, in order to use Liu Ziji's real name to enhance the authenticity of the work. "[27] The author agrees with this point of view and believes that Liu Ziji's implantation has another function, which is to bring the story to a successful conclusion. As a "novelist", he has to work hard to make readers believe in the existence of the Peach Blossom Spring, but he cannot let the world actually look for it, because the Peach Blossom Spring is purely fictional. If the world is made to search for it, it will be suspected of deceiving others. But there is obviously a paradoxical conflict between these two goals. So, who can complete this task? "Only Liu Changshi"! He "likes to travel around the mountains and rivers, and aspires to live in seclusion", and has even had the experience of "searching" for fairy prescriptions. When he heard that someone had discovered a "paradise", he would definitely "go there with pleasure". More importantly, Liu Ziji has a far-reaching reputation and high credibility. He has experience and credibility - his personal visit can make people believe that the discovery of the Peach Blossom Spring is not groundless; the unsuccessful search can also make people stop the idea of ​​continuing to search - even Liu Ziji has not found it, and others have not found it. Stop wasting your efforts and time. So, everything came to pass, and "no one cared about it afterwards."

What are the words in the main dictionaries of ancient and modern times?

　　The compilation of ancient dictionaries and dictionaries
　　According to the records of "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", as early as the reign of King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty, the first Chinese calligraphy book "Shi Zhou" was produced, which was also the education system at that time. A literacy textbook for children.
　　After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, in line with the policy of unifying writing, he ordered Li Si and others to compile calligraphy books "Cangjie Pian", "Ai Li Pian" and "Bo Xue Pian" in small seal script. In the early Han Dynasty, some people combined the above three chapters into one chapter, "breaking sixty-five chapters into one chapter, with fifty-five chapters", and still named it "Cangjie Chapter". Later, there were Sima Xiangru's "Fan Jiang Pian", Shi You's "Jijiu Pian", etc. However, the above-mentioned books were originally just general literacy reading books, such as "Jijiupian". It was only through the ancient annotations by the mediocre Yan Shi and the supplementary annotations by Song Wang Yinglin that they could be used for word checking. The work that truly laid the foundation for ancient Chinese calligraphy is "Shuowen Jiezi" written by Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
　　The book is mainly composed of Xiaozhuan script, and also contains ancient Chinese and Chinese prose. The whole book is divided into fourteen chapters, with nine single characters and five hundred and forty-three. The phonetic notation is based on the reading method and the text shape And the radical organization was divided into 540 parts, and the system of collecting characters according to radicals was established. It also summarized the "Six Books" theory since the Warring States Period, created a more systematic method of interpreting characters, and preserved most of the pre-Qin fonts and pre-Han Dynasty character exegesis, making a significant contribution to the study of ancient Chinese languages ​​and characters. The research on ancient characters such as oracle bone inscriptions and bronze inscriptions since the late Qing Dynasty was established on the basis of "Shuowen Jiezi". In short, it is an epoch-making masterpiece in the history of ancient Chinese calligraphy.
　　 "Zi Lin" written by Lu Chen of the Jin Dynasty is another famous calligraphy work compiled in succession to "Shuowen Jiezi". Before the Tang Dynasty, people also called it "Shuowen Jiezi" together, but unfortunately it was lost soon. According to "Feng Shi Wen Jie Ji", "Zi Lin" has the same radicals as "Shuowen Jiezi", and contains 12,824 characters, which is more than "Shuowen". "Book of Wei·Jiang Shi Zhuan" states that "the text of this book is correct and official, and does not lack the meaning of seal script." It can be seen that it is the first calligraphy book written in official script in my country. "Yupian" written by King Guye of Liang Dynasty is the first calligraphy book compiled in regular script in my country. Although the current version of "Yupian" is not the original, it can be seen that it is an update to "Shuowen Jiezi" and is also a better calligraphy book.
　　Since the official script and regular script replaced seal script, the form of characters has undergone major changes, and new characters and popular styles have also increased day by day. Therefore, some people have paid attention to studying the similarities and differences of characters, thus producing the works of Yan Yuansun of Tang Dynasty. "Qianlu Zi Shu", "Dragon Shrine Handbook" by Liao Shi Xingjun, Song Guo Zhongshu's "Pei Jin" and Li Congzhou's "Zi Tong". These calligraphy books are still useful for us to recognize the variants of a character and distinguish many characters with similar shapes. Among them, "Zi Tong" created the method of arranging characters according to strokes, which is still used today.
　　The main calligraphy books of the Song Dynasty include "Leipian" compiled by Wang Zhu and others. It inherited the style of "Shuowen Jiezi" and "Yupian" and focused on exploring the origin of characters and explaining the characters. The shape has changed and a large number of new characters have been absorbed (a total of 31,390 characters), and ancient pronunciation and precepts have been discussed, making a certain contribution to the history of calligraphy. Dai Dong of the Yuan Dynasty wrote "Liu Shu Gu", which changed the radical arrangement of "Shuowen Jiezi" and divided it into nine parts: numbers, astronomy, geography, people, animals, plants, fortifications, miscellaneous, and doubts. Each part is divided into Several details, arranged by word meaning. However, Dai Tong criticized Xu Shen's use of Xiaozhuan script as a script, which made people "ignorant of the origin of writing", so his "Liu Shu Gu" used Zhongding script, and only used Xiaozhuan for characters that were not found in Zhongding script. The "General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" once pointed out that the book "is neither modern nor ancient, and it hinders its implementation." However, the text explanations in the book also include detailed textual research. As a tool for studying ancient text exegesis, it is still useful and cannot be written off.
　　 "Cihui" written by Mei Yingzuo in the Ming Dynasty is a relatively popular Chinese calligraphy book with a relatively advanced arrangement method. It collects 33,179 single characters, including common characters, but excludes all rare characters, and simplifies the radicals of "Shuowen Jiezi" into 244, all arranged according to the number of strokes. The phonetic notation method is to first pronounce Fanqie, then Zhiyin. The explanation of the meaning of the words is also relatively clear. The whole book is divided into twelve volumes, including Zichou, Yinmao, etc., with a total of fourteen volumes including the first volume and the appendix. Each volume uses a table to indicate the radicals and their page numbers. A word search table is attached at the end to help find characters that are difficult to identify the radicals. This arrangement method was a major improvement in the development of calligraphy and was often used in later generations. This book was very popular in the late Ming Dynasty, and there were many supplements to it or new calligraphy books compiled under its name. Among them, Zhang Zilie's "Zhengzi Tong" was widely circulated.
　　In the 49th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1710), Zhang Yushu and others were ordered to compile the "Kangxi Dictionary". This was the first time that the name dictionary was used in a Chinese calligraphy book. This book inherits the style of "Zihui" and "Zhengzitong", and is divided into 214 parts, with a total of 47,035 characters. It uses fanqie phonetic notation and explanatory notes. It can be said that it was compiled in the feudal era of my country. A pinnacle of calligraphy. Of course, the book also has many shortcomings and errors. During the Qianlong period, Wang Xihou wrote the book "Zi Guan" and criticized and discussed the errors in the "Kangxi Dictionary"; however, this offended the majesty of Kangxi's "Yu Ding"; and because the book did not have "taboos", it lost its author. The whole family was copied and executed, and all his works were destroyed (see the "Story Collection")! It was not until the seventh year of Daoguang's reign (1827), when Wang Yinzhi wrote "Dictionary Research" on the order of the emperor, that 2,588 citation errors in the book were corrected. Obviously, the error is not limited to this. The second section also introduces people’s comments after the Qing Dynasty, which is omitted here.
　　In ancient my country, the calligraphy books that specially compiled Chinese exegesis of classics and history include "Classic Interpretation" by Lu Deming of the Tang Dynasty and "Jingji Yijue" by Ruan Yuan of the Qing Dynasty. The works that collect the pronunciation and meaning of Buddhist scriptures include "The Interpretation of Classics" by Xuanying of the Tang Dynasty. "The Sound and Meaning of All Sutras", "The Sound and Meaning of All Sutras" by Shi Huilin, Liu Qi's "Zhuzi Bianlue" by Qing Dynasty Liu Qi, Wang Yinzhi's "Jingchuan Interpretation", etc., are all valuable monographs.
　　The so-called "exegesis" is to explain the meaning of words; there are two ways to explain the meaning of words: one is to use contemporary Mandarin words to explain the meaning of ancient words and dialect words, which is called "exegesis"; Explaining the definition and application range of a word as well as its difference with synonyms and synonyms is called "training".
　　 "Erya" is the first exegetical book handed down in ancient my country, and it is also a representative work of exegesis books in ancient my country. The author of this book has always had different opinions. "Sikuquanshu General Catalog" says: "Most primary school scholars compiled old texts. It is a word that both Zhou Gong and Confucius rely on to increase each other's success. ” This statement makes sense. This book was probably produced relatively early. During the period from the Spring and Autumn Period to the early Han Dynasty, it was supplemented by many people and was finally finalized in the Han Dynasty. The current version of "Erya" is divided into nineteen chapters according to the content of the collected vocabulary, including explanations, explanations, explanations, explanations for relatives, and explanations for palaces. It is rich in content; it not only involves the general vocabulary of ancient times, but also involves knowledge of personnel, astronomy, geography, biology and other aspects of ancient society. It is explained in categories. It is an important material for the study and examination of pre-Qin vocabulary. It is very important in Chinese linguistics. It also occupies an important position in history. However, this dictionary was written relatively early, and many of its contents would be difficult to understand without explanations from later generations. Since the Han Dynasty, there have been many annotations for "Erya", but most of them have been lost. The annotations by Guo Pu of Jin Dynasty and the commentary by Xingbing of Song Dynasty are extant, which is the "Erya Commentary" in the popular version of "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics". In addition, there were Lu Dian's "Erya New Meaning" and Zheng Qiao's "Erya Notes" in the Song Dynasty. There were more works on "Erya" in the Qing Dynasty, the most famous ones being Shao Jinhan's "Erya Justice" and Hao Yixing's "Erya". Erya Yishu".
　　The book "Erya" has always been valued by people and is listed as a Confucian classic. It has a great influence on later exegesis books. Some exegesis books of later generations supplemented the content of "Erya", some imitated its style, and most of them were named after the word "Ya". Among them, "Xiao Er Ya", formerly titled Kong Kun, is the earliest work to supplement "E Ya". Later, there was "Shiming" written by Liu Xi of the Han Dynasty, which not only provided a simple explanation of the words, but also further explored the etymology. Wei Zhangyi's "Guang Ya" drew from a wide range of books to make up for the exegesis deficiencies in "E Ya". The works that supplemented "Erya" in the Song Dynasty include: "Piya" by Lu Dian and "Erya Wings" by Luo Yuan. Zhu Mou's "Pian Ya" in the Ming Dynasty specifically collected rare and profound vocabulary; Fang Yizhi's "Tong Ya" was characterized by its exploration of etymology. In the Qing Dynasty, Wu Yujue___SIMPLE_HTML_DOM__VOKU__PIPE____ collected words with different shapes and pronunciations but the same meaning, and wrote "Bie Ya"; Shi Menglan collected overlapping characters and wrote "Die Ya". In short, the above "ya" are all dictionaries that contain the written language of ancient books.
　　The first dictionary in my country that specifically collects the spoken languages ​​​​of people from all over the country should be recommended to the "Dialects" written by Yang Xiong (full name: "Jianxuan Envoy's Peerless Interpretation of the Dialects of Other Countries"). People from the late Han Dynasty to the early Jin Dynasty said that this book was written by Yang Xiong, such as Ying Dong's "Customs and Customs" and Chang Zhen's "Huayang Guozhi". However, neither the "Yi Wen Zhi" nor "Yang Xiong's Biography" in "Han Shu" mentioned this matter, so Hong Mai in the Song Dynasty became suspicious and thought that Yang Xiong's theory of "Dialect" was based on it. The "General Catalog of Sikuquanshu" concludes that "there is no obvious evidence of its authenticity". However, since the publication of this book, there have been quite a few famous scholars who have studied it. Guo Pu of Jin Dynasty’s "Annotations on Dialects" elaborated more and made a greater contribution, and it has been passed down to this day. , "Shu Guo's Notes on Dialects" has provided analysis, comparison and affirmation. The main scholars in the Qing Dynasty who did collation and documentation work for "Dialects" include: Dai Zhen's "Fang Ji Shu Zheng", Qian Yi's "Dialect Commentary", and Wang Niansun's "Fang Yan Shu Zheng Supplement". However, the most comprehensive work is Zhou Zumo's "Dialect Notes" (published by Science Press in 1956).
　　There are many monographs that continue "Dialects" and collect dialects and colloquial sayings, such as: Han Fuqian's "Public Wen"; Tang Yanshigu's "Kang Mao Zhengsu", Song Queming's "Shi Chang Tan", Gong Yizheng's "Continued Shi Chang Tan", Li Yi's "Sha Hu Xiao Lu", Ming Li Shi's "Sichuan Language", etc.
　　The main works that continued "Dialects" in the Qing Dynasty include: "Continuing Dialects" by Hang Shijun, "Continuing Dialects" by Cheng Jisheng; those that examine a dialect include: "A Study of Wuxia Dialects" by Hu Wenying "; the special collection of poems in dialects includes: Li Tiaoyuan's "Dialects"; the special collections of common sayings include: Zhai Hao's "Public Collection", Qian Daxin's "Heng Yan Lu", Qian Dazhao's "Yi Yan", etc. .
　　The compilation of modern and modern dictionaries and lexicons
　　Modern and modern dictionaries and thesauruses are developed on the basis of ancient reference books, and have Representative ones include the "Chinese Dictionary", edited by Lu Feikui, Ouyang Bocun, etc., first published in 1915 by Zhonghua Book Company. The book contains more than 48,000 characters, slightly more than the Kangxi Dictionary, and has corrected more than 2,000 errors in the latter. Although the book has many shortcomings and errors, because it contains a large number of words, it can still be regarded as an important dictionary until a new large dictionary is published.
　　In terms of dictionaries, "Cymology" is the earliest and largest one edited. The book was edited by Lu Erkui, Fang Yi, Fu Yunsen, etc. The Commercial Press published the full text in 1915 and the full text in 1931. A sequel was published in 2001, and it was reprinted and reprinted many times. The book contains about 100,000 entries, including common words, idioms, allusions, names of people, place names, book titles, and technical terms, etc., arranged by prefix; each prefix is ​​first notated with fanqie phonetic, and is accompanied by straight phonetic pronunciation. , then indicate the pronunciation and rhyme, and explain the meaning of the word. Entries are arranged according to the first word of the word and after the word head. The book has absorbed the achievements of predecessors in terms of content and arrangement. It has simple phonetic notation, many entries, abundant citations, and clear explanations. It is still a valuable dictionary today. Its shortcomings are: first, the items on literature and history are mostly based on similar books since the Tang and Song Dynasties, without checking the original text, and errors and omissions often occur. Moreover, the citations do not indicate the title of the article, making it difficult to check. Second, the excerpts from the original text do not indicate abridgements. , it is easy to make errors of taking words out of context; third, some entries are taken inappropriately; fourth, new punctuation is not used; fifth, some interpretive positions and views are also problematic.
　　The encyclopedic dictionary after "Ci Yuan" should be "Ci Hai", compiled by Shu Xincheng, Zhang Xiang, etc., published in three volumes by Zhonghua Book Company from 1936 to 1937, and later reprinted. The number and compilation style of entries included in the book are roughly the same as those in Ci Yuan. Of course, "Cihai" has made some corrections to the shortcomings and errors in "Ciyuan", such as citing books and annotating chapter titles, and adopting new punctuation. However, other than that, the shortcomings and errors of "Ciyuan" mentioned above are not found in "Cihai". There are still many problems in "", especially in terms of stance and viewpoint. The two books have many similarities, and readers should pay attention to them when checking. The two books "Cihaizhou Ciyuan" contain different items, so you can refer to each other and draw on their strengths.
　　In addition, there are some specialized dictionaries and dictionaries, such as Yang Shuda's "Ci Interpretation", Pei Xuehai's "Collection of Virtual Characters in Ancient Books", Zhu Qifeng's "Ci Tong", Fu Dingyi's "Ci Tong" "Lianmian Dictionary", Xu Jiarui's "Jin and Yuan Opera Dialect Examination", etc., are still used as references today.
　　After liberation, dictionaries and thesaurus compilation entered a new stage. Over the past thirty years, it has edited and published "Xinhua Dictionary", "Homophone Dictionary", "Dictionary of Commonly Used Ancient Chinese Characters", "Small Chinese Dictionary", "New Dictionary of Four Corner Numbers", "Modern Chinese Dictionary" and some specialized dictionaries and thesauruses, and began to compile the new "Chinese Dictionary" and "Chinese Dictionary". In addition, there are revisions and adaptations of "Ci Yuan" and "Ci Hai".
　　Under the leadership of the Party Central Committee and with the collaborative efforts of the national academic community, "Cihai" (1979 edition) was published in September 1979 in three hardcover volumes. The new edition of "Cihai" contains 14,872 single words, 91,706 compound words, and more than 2,000 illustrations, totaling more than 13 million words. This is an encyclopedic dictionary, mainly for readers with an intermediate level of education or above. During the process of adaptation and revision, in addition to the above-mentioned new edition in 1979, four editions of "Cihai" have been printed since 1961: (1) "Cihai·Trial Edition", published in 1961, organized by subject, Sixteen volumes in paperback, with a general catalog. (2) "Cihai Trial Edition", printed in 1963 for soliciting opinions, arranged according to radicals and strokes, bound in sixty volumes, and compiled into three hardcover volumes. (3) "Cihai·Unfinalized", published in 1965, arranged according to radicals and strokes, in two hardcover volumes. (4) "Cihai" is divided into volumes, organized by subject, and bound into eight volumes. It is divided into two versions: "Revised Manuscript", which has been published in 23 volumes and was published in 1980; "Revised Edition" has been published in six volumes .
　　The revision and finalization of "Cymology" was also completed in 1979, with a total of four volumes, which will be published in 1981. The revised "Cymology" is a reference book for reading ancient books and a reference for researchers in literature and history. The collection of words is limited to the scope of classical literature and history, and generally ends with the Opium War; all new words in modern natural sciences, social sciences and applied technology in the old "Etymology" have been deleted. The Chinese pinyin and phonetic symbols are added to each word, and the reverse cut of "Guangyun" (sometimes taken from "Jiyun", etc.) is added to mark the sound buttons. The explanations are concise and clear, and attention is paid to the origin of the words and their development and evolution during use. All documentary evidence is annotated with the author, chapter, and volume, and a bibliography is attached at the end of some entries.

The above is all about the author of Kuang Mi Zheng Su, the poem about negation of negation, and the related content of Kuang Mi Zheng Su. I hope it can help you.