Contents of this article
- 1.What year was it 77 years ago?
- 2. The motto of Juan Ma Feibai, the head of the Ma family
- 3. How to choose a name based on the combined surnames Huang and Deng?
- 4. The historical background and characteristics of the May Fourth New Literature
What year was it 77 years ago?
What was Zhengzhou like in Lu Qian’s notes 77 years ago?
Text/Zhang Xiuyang
Zhengzhou has a glorious history and is one of the famous ancient capitals, as evidenced by the ruins of shopping malls that stand in the city. However, as a modern metropolis, Zhengzhou’s scenery makes people sigh: looking at the whole city, let alone Beijing Ancient ruins such as the Forbidden City in Beijing, the city walls of Nanjing, and the pagodas and temples in Xi'an, even houses that are hundreds of years old, are extremely rare to find. What's more, now that the word is broken, things that are a little older are being picked up and destroyed. The swallows of the old days could not find Wang Xietang, and the swallows were nowhere to be found.
So I had to look for what old Zhengzhou was like through the writings of old people. Zhengzhou is a city brought by trains. Many people traveling from south to north pass through Zhengzhou, but the literati who are used to singing about the wind and the moon have not left many impressions on what old Zhengzhou was like. Mr. Chen Zishan compiled "Beijing Hu", from which we can see that there are a lot of words about the scenery of old Beijing. But what about the one about Zhengzhou? The historical portrayal of a city is not just the monuments and high-rise buildings, it also has the memory built with words. For a city like Zhengzhou, it cannot but be said that it is lacking.
So when I saw the description of old Zhengzhou in "Miscellaneous Notes of Lu Qian", although there was not much written about it, it was still very precious in my opinion.
In the study of Chinese drama in the early twentieth century, Lu Qian is undoubtedly one of the figures that is difficult to avoid. On March 2, 1905, Lu Qian was born in a scholarly hometown in Nanjing. His original name was Zhengshen, but he later changed his name to Qian, with the courtesy name Jiye, his own nickname was Xiaoshu, his nickname was Yinhong, and he was also named Jiangnan Talented Scholar and ZTE advocate. Lu Qian graduated from Southeast University and is a proud disciple of Mr. Wu Mei, a master of music studies. He is a professor, poet, literary and drama historian, prose writer, and playwright. If you have heard about Lu Qian's colleagues such as Ren Bandang, Tang Guizhang, Qian Nanyang, and Wang Jisi, then you should know that this person who dared to call himself "Jiangnan Talent" did not live up to his reputation. Zhonghua Book Company once published four volumes of "Jiye Notes", and it was in one of them, "Miscellaneous Notes of Lu Qian" that I saw his writings about Zhengzhou.
After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, the Anti-Japanese War broke out, and by the time the Anti-Japanese War was victorious in 1945, Lu Qian wrote "Four Notes on Ding Yi Jian". He modestly said, "It is not only a historical material of personal life, but may also have some value as an unofficial history." The second record, "Guanluo Labor Diary", was written by Lu Qian in 1940, when he represented the National Political Participation Conference and visited the 1st, 2nd, 5th and 14th war zones to inspect the comfort stations. The words about Zhengzhou are in this note.
On January 26, 1940, the National Political Participation Conference met and decided to establish the "North China Inspection and Comfort Mission", which set off from Chongqing on January 30. The members were Li Yuanding, Deng Feihuang, Liang Shiqiu, Yu Jiaju, Yu Mingzhou and Lu Qian. Along the way, we passed Chengdu, traveled to Jianmen Road, spent the night in Chencang, stayed in Chang'an, passed through Zhongtiao Mountain, and arrived in Luoyang. It was already February 24th. Staying in Luoyang for seven days, I watched the plays "Ling Yun Zhi" and "Privet Privet Flower" by Chen Suzhen, the master of Henan Opera, presented flags to the troops, and inspected the school at that time.
On March 2, Lu Qian, Liang Shiqiu, and Deng Feihuang went to Zhengzhou for inspection. His diary was titled "Zhengzhou Like This".
Lu Qian and his party took a car out of the north gate of Luoyang at "8 o'clock in the morning" and passed the White Horse Temple. Go to Heishiguan and enter Gongxian territory and beyond. After crossing the Luohe River, they arrived at a place called "Laoqianpo". The car they were riding in could not go up the hill, so they found some oxen to pull the car. "Six oxen are not enough, add eight more; if eight are not enough, add ten." It took twelve oxen to drag the car up. "It was getting late, and we arrived in Sishui County." We walked all over Sishui and couldn't find a place to stay. "So we went to Xinhua Tower to take a bath and spent the night in the bathhouse." Forgot, this group of people is the national political suffragette who came from the capital to inspect. "I haven't eaten for a day, but now I swallowed two cakes, bought two bowls, and my belly was bloated." Reading these details, I really feel like a white-headed palace lady. I just don’t know what “盛” is? Is it taro, potato, or sweet potato?
The next morning, we drove from Sishui County to Zhengzhou via Xingyang. The headquarters of the Third Army arranged dormitories in Longhai Garden. At that time, the commander-in-chief of the Third Army living in Zhengzhou was Sun Tongxuan, and the local commissioners were Yang Yifeng and County Magistrate Fan Ren. Lu Qian spent 42 yuan on the street to buy a dress and mandarin jacket material, and went to Wannianchun to take a bath. In the evening, Sun Tongxuan "invited us to listen to a play at the railway hall, with pendants and drums. The play was "Double Tou Tang" ", "The Story of Opera Fans", "The King of the Northern Han Dynasty" and "Yellow Crane Tower" were released at ten."
The next day, March 4, "He Yinting and several staff officers set out for Jingshui Town to inspect the river defense." After lingering on the defensive line for a long time, he heard the sound of enemy planes flying over. "We got into the car and returned to Zhengzhou safely amidst the sound of enemy plane fire. At this time, Zhengzhou had not yet lifted the alarm." In the afternoon, the flag was presented and Lu Qian gave a speech. After the meeting, we continued to listen to the opera "Fenhe Bay" and so on.
On March 5, “I suddenly remembered that today is my birthday, so I went out to buy a pair of cloth shoes, and had another night of partying with a few friends at a Zhengzhou hotel.” (Lu Qian’s birthday, historical data records it as the 2nd, here he I said it was on the 5th, waiting for the test)
On March 6, an old friend came to talk. In the afternoon, "the drama was performed again, and the Henan opera "Zhao Jinhong Sword Splits Yang Fan" was performed. After dinner, Sun Tongxuan also treated me to a Western meal. "I felt quite tired, and the two brothers Deng and Liang were very eager to return home. "Although the morale in Zhengzhou is still strong and the river defenses are strong, I always feel that it may fall at any time." Although the atmosphere of drama is thick, it is ultimately no match for the enemy's artillery fire! "
Lu Qian and his party stayed in Zhengzhou for three days. Can you imagine that as a national suffragette from the capital who came to inspect the army headquarters, he only had to eat, take a bath, go to the theater, and buy clothes and shoes with his own money?
The motto of Juan Ma Feibai, the head of the Ma family
Ma Yiying/Text
The following content comes from the "Complete Collection of Classic Celebrities' Mottoes" released by "Study Abroad Network" on January 25, 2021:
During his time in Xiyuan, [1] Ma Feibai wrote a The poem warns oneself: "Yu cherished every inch of shade, Tao Kan cherished every shade. Today, minutes change into seconds, and seconds are worth thousands of gold. "This shows his spirit of cherishing time.
The Ma Clan Ancestral Hall was founded in the 53rd year of Kangxi reign of the Qing Dynasty (1714); it was renovated in 1935 and inscribed by Yu Youren [2]; this picture was taken in the 1980s.
Supplementary information
[1]
Ma Feibai (Ma Yuancai): a famous historian of Qin and Han Dynasties, honorary director of the Chinese Society for the History of Economic Thought, and consultant of the Chinese Qin and Han History Research Association. Mao Zedong and Guo Moruo were deeply influenced by him and quoted his views and remarks many times; Germany, Japan and other countries have also translated many of his works. The faction name is Yongdan and the nickname is Ruocun. He was born in Xinhua Yonggu Changjuan (now Longhui Changjuan) in the 22nd year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1896). Admitted to Peking University in June 1919, he studied in the Department of Liberal Arts (Department of Chinese Literature) from 1919 to 1921, the Department of English from 1921 to 1923, and the Department of Economics from 1923 to 1925. During his studies, he participated in the May 4th Movement. , participated in a series of practical activities such as the Peking University Calligraphy Research Society, National Magazine, Peking University Civilian Education Lecture Group, Beijing Work-study Mutual Aid Group, Xiyuan, Marx Theory Research Society, and the preparation of the "Changxindian Labor Tutorial School". Since 1919, important figures he has interacted with include Li Binggui, Li Yinyuan, Zhou Rongxuan, Luo Yunchun, Yuan Boyang (Yuan Boyang), Zhou Fang, Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen, Xiang Jingyu (female), Ge Jianhao (female), Cai Linzheng , Cai Qingxi (female), Liu Qianang (female), Wen Suqin (female), Yang Changji, Cai Yuanpei, Xu Baohuang, Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Gu Hongming, Shen Shiyuan, Hu Shi, Deng Zhongxia, Zhou Zuoren, Gao Yihan, Zhang Songnian, Luo Jialun, Wang Guangqi, Kang Baiqing , Liao Shucang, Zhou Binglin, Yi Keyi, Gao Junyu, Zhang Guotao, Huang Rikui, Xu Deheng, Zhu Wushan, Wu Ruming, Li Shizhang, Yu Pingbo, Yang Zhongjian, Zhu Ziqing, Shao Piaoping, Xie Shaomin, Duan Xipeng, Zhang Tailei, Yang Rensi, Li Shi, Zhang Chun, Jia Zhunian , Wu Rongcang, Wu Ruming, Ka Runzhou (Ka Shirun), Wang Zheng, Zhu Wushan, He Mengxiong, Chen Weiren, Xu Beihong, Luo Zhanglong, Yang Dongchun, Yang Renqi, Li Meigan, Wu Yuming, Xiao Zhenxiang, Liu Renjing, Miao Boying, Liang Shuming, Luo Longji , Fu Sinian, Li Ji, Zhao Yuanren, Ding Wenjiang, Dong Zuobin, Wu Jinding, Guo Baojun, Xia Ding, Liang Siyong, Feng Youlan, Chen Yinke, Yu Jiaxi, Wu Han, Guo Moruo, Cheng Fangwu, Fang Dingying, Zhou Enlai, Deng Yingchao (female), He Xiangning (female) ), Cai Chang (female), Huang Yingbo (Huang Chunyuan), Liu Xiaoyu, Wang Changming, Zhu Di, Ou Kexuan, Xu Teli, Lin Boqu, Liu Zhi, Tang Enbo, Cheng Qian, Chen Lifu, Chen Guofu, Deng Tuo, Ji Wenfu, Xiao Chunu , Feng Yuxiang, Li Dequan (female), Guo Chuntao, Deng Cuiying, Deng Feihuang, Zhang Dunna, Wang Tongqing, Chen Bojun, Gu Yuxiu, Liu Jihong, Du Yuan Zai, Zhu Jiahua, Chen Yuan, Zhang Shizhao, Yao Congwu, Hao Xiangwu, Zhang Jingwu, Yu Gengyu, Yin Da (Liu Yao), Li Wen, Yuan Pu, Hu Zongnan, Hu Jicong, Fu Zhenlun, Song Yunbin, Ye Shichang, Shi Zhimian, Zhang Suiqing, Zhu Fangpu, Shi Zhangru, Xu Jingcan, Feng Jinxian, Xu Tongguo, Huo Da, Wang Xiang, Liu Yuxia, Qi Yanpei, Hu Houxuan, Xu Yunsheng, Wang Yansheng, Zheng Jianxi, Deng Jingyuan, Wang Shuting, Zhang Boju, Wang Yeqiu, Shi Shuqing, etc. Since 1926, she has successively served as the general history instructor (major) of the enlisted student department of Huangpu Military Academy, the political instructor (lieutenant colonel) of the school headquarters, the Chinese revolutionary history instructor of the Chinese Kuomintang Women’s Movement Institute, and the Zhongzhou News Agency of the General Political Department of the Second Group Army of the National Revolutionary Army. Director and editor-in-chief, professor of National Henan University, secretary of the enlarged meeting of the Central Party Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, member of the Henan Provincial Party Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, secretary of the Henan Provincial Government, acting president of the National Henan University, professor of the Department of History, president of the Sulu-Henan-Anhui Border College, National Secretary of the Secretariat of Peking University, designer and office director of the Museum of Chinese History, editor of the Philosophy Group of Zhonghua Book Company, etc. While at Whampoa Military Academy, he had close contact with Deng Zhongxia, who led the provincial and Hong Kong strikes; he actively supported and participated in the Guangzhou Uprising. Many revolutionaries participated in street fighting in disguise at his residence, and his residence became an important contact point. After the uprising failed, he used his identity to cover the revolution. The ones retreated. While teaching at Sun Yat-sen University in Henan, he founded the "Henan Political Monthly" and used his political status at the time to rescue famous Communist Party figures and scholars such as Deng Tuo and Ji Wenfu. Entered the Chongqing Central Training Corps in 1943. In 1949, he declined the invitation of Fu Sinian, director of the Institute of History and Philology of the National Academia Sinica, to "select the dean, provost, and general secretary of National Taiwan University." Before entering the China History Museum, he studied Marxist philosophy at the Institute of Political Science at North China University. He is the author of "Sang Hongyang and his wartime economic policies", "The Biography of Sang Hongyang", "The Chronicle of Sang Hongyang", "The Chronicle of Sang Hongyang" (available in German and Japanese translations), "The importance of Guanzi" "New Interpretation (Set of Volumes 1 and 2)" (Guo Moruo quoted more than 100 items), "Collected Biography of the First Emperor of Qin" (after the publication of "The Biography of the First Emperor of Qin", it was praised as the masterpiece after Sima Qian's "Historical Records" and Ma Su's "Interpretation of History", and was called " "Three Horses and Three Histories"), "Outline of Qin History", "Collected History of Qin (Complete Two Volumes)", "Economic Historical Materials of Qin and Han Dynasties", "Official Administration in the Western Han Dynasty", "Anthology of Salt and Iron" ("Salt and Iron") "Brief Notes"), "Poetry·Taoyao New Certificate" (manuscript), "Qin Shu" unfinished draft, etc. Ma Feibaizhi has a wide range of academic fields and has made many achievements, especially in the research of Qin and Han history, the history of Chinese economic thought and other fields. His scholarly thoughts were deeply baptized by modern natural science, which enabled his historical research to have unique insights based on detailed data and exquisite research, making it more in-depth than previous research. He was the first scholar to affirm the achievements of Qin Shihuang. Mao Zedong discussed Qin Shihuang and Qin history with him many times. Hu Shi praised him as "not Qin but not Qin". His extensive and profound monograph had a great influence at the time and still has academic value that cannot be ignored.
[2]
Yu Youren: His original name was Bo Xun, with the Chinese character "Ling Ke", and later named after "Ling Ke" which is a homophony of "Youren"; also signed "Sao Xin" and "bearded man". In his later years, he called himself "The Old Man of Taiping". He was born in Sanyuan, Shaanxi Province in the fifth year of Guangxu's reign (1879) in the Qing Dynasty. Chinese modern politician, educator and calligrapher. One of the founding fathers of the Republic of China, an early backbone of the Chinese Tongmenghui, and an important member of the "Nanshe", the largest and most influential cultural group in modern China; he has served as a senior official in the National Government for many years, especially as the president of the Supervisory Yuan. 34 years; he is also the founder of Fudan University, Shanghai University, and National Northwest Agriculture and Forestry College (now Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University) and a director of Fudan University and the private Nantong University.
How do you choose a name when the surnames Huang and Deng are added together?
Huang Dengxiang
Huang Denghe
Huang Denghui
Huang Dengzhen
Huang Denglei
Huang Dengxing
Huang Dengyu
Huang
Deng Chao
Huang Dengyao
Huang Dengyou
Huang Dunglu
Huang Dengyi
Huang Dengsen
Huang
Deng Hua
Huang Dengtong
Huang Dengxin
Huang Dengyong
Huang Dengzhi
Huang Dengzhi
Huang Dengyun
Huang Dengxu
Huang Dengyang
Huang Dengchen
Huang Denghao
Huang Deng Cheng
Huang Dengling
Huang Dengshi
Huang Dengxin
Huang Dengzi
Huang Dengdi
Huang Dengying
Huang Dengliang
Huang
Deng Fei
Huang Denglin
Huang
Deng Ming
Huang Dengqi
Huang
Deng Jie
Huang Dengyun
The historical background and characteristics of the May Fourth New Literature
The May 4th Movement generally refers to a demonstration, petition, class strike, strike, and violent resistance to the government that took place on May 4, 1919 in Beijing, China, with the participation of mainly young students and the general public, citizens, business people, and other middle and lower classes. The various forms of patriotic movements originated from the Shandong issue when the great powers wantonly trampled on China's sovereignty and transferred the original German rights and interests in Shandong to Japan during the Paris Peace Conference. Together with the earlier New Culture Movement, it became a large-scale and far-reaching political, ideological and cultural movement in Chinese history, which has had a huge impact on China's politics, society, culture, and ideology in modern times. In Taiwanese textbooks, the May 4th Movement and the New Culture Movement are often mentioned together. The general public also refers to the two as the "May 4th Movement", which can be regarded as a broad definition of the May 4th Movement.
Background
"Weekly Review" on the Shandong issue
The spread of new ideas and the vernacular movement
Western ideas were introduced into China in large quantities in the late Qing Dynasty, especially after the Sino-Japanese War of 1888-1895, and had an impact on the younger generation. However, in the early years of the Republic of China, with the development of publications such as "New Youth" and the promotion of the vernacular movement, ideas such as freedom and resistance to traditional authority affected students and ordinary citizens.
The New Culture Movement held high the banners of democracy, science, human rights, and freedom. It inspired and influenced the patriotism and national salvation enthusiasm of the Chinese people, especially the Chinese youth, from the ideological, political, and cultural fields. It fundamentally laid the foundation for the emergence of the May Fourth Movement. The ideological foundation and the source of intelligence.
The development of higher education led by Peking University
China's education system was reformed by learning from Western and Japanese academic systems in the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty. However, in the early Republic of China, higher education achieved further development, especially in the Peking University led by Peking University. Under the leadership of President Cai Yuanpei, an open academic style was introduced and the school policy of "freedom of thought and inclusiveness" was put forward. Li Dazhao, Chen Duxiu, Zhang Shizhao, Hu Shi, Gu Hongming (English literature), Liu Shipei, Lu Xun (Zhou Shuren, taught the history of Chinese novels), Qian Xuantong (teaching phonology), Wu Mei (teaching opera history), Liu Bannong (teaching New Literature) and others were hired to teach at Peking University. At the same time, they cultivated students' independent, open and progressive ideas and spirits. This idea and spirit became the basis of the May Fourth Movement. important motivation.
Anti-Japanese and national humiliation sentiments since the early Republic of China
In 1915, Japan proposed 21 demands, and the Beiyang government accepted most of them on May 9. This agreement, which Japan originally required to keep secret, became What the press learned was that it aroused nationalist sentiments and made Chinese intellectuals and people strongly dissatisfied with Japan and the "traitorous" government. It was considered a national humiliation, and it also triggered many anti-Japanese activities. This sentiment It further developed and played a role in the May 4th Movement. On August 14, 1917, the Beijing government declared war on Germany and became a "belligerent" in the First World War. In early 1918, Japan provided a large amount of loans to the Beijing government under the control of Duan Qirui, and assisted in the formation and equipment of a Chinese war army. The loans were also used for the huge election bribery expenses of the Anfu Congress.
In September, the Beijing government and Japan exchanged official documents on borrowing money from Japan. As one of the conditions for borrowing, they also exchanged documents on the Shandong issue. The main contents are: 1. "Japan along the Jiaoji Railway The Chinese army, except for one unit left in Jinan, was all mobilized in Qingdao." 2. Regarding the security along the Jiaoji Railway: the Japanese troops withdrew and were replaced by patrol teams commanded by the Japanese. 3. The Jiaoji Railway will be jointly operated by China and Japan. In the exchange of letters, the Beijing government "happily agreed" to Japan's proposal. Zhang Zongxiang, the minister to Japan, personally delivered the exchange of letters to the Japanese government, but was later beaten up by students in Beijing. China declared war on Germany and was a victorious country like Japan. However, Germany's rights and interests in Shandong were not recovered, but were expanded by Japan. This exchange of letters became an excuse for Japan to occupy Shandong at the Paris Peace Conference.
The development of the industrial and commercial class during World War I
Since the late Qing Dynasty, although China's industry and commerce have developed, the development of China's local industry and commerce is still limited due to the import of Western products. The occurrence of World War I has greatly affected the industries of European countries. Without the ability to look eastward, China's industry and commerce have achieved great development. The number of people participating in industry and commerce has continued to increase. National industries, especially light industry, have developed tremendously. The status of the business class in cities has become more important in Chinese society. During the May Fourth Movement , they became the main force supporting patriotic students.
Student representative
Luo Jialun (1896-1969), drafter of the "Declaration of All the Beijing Academic Circles" and commander-in-chief of the May Fourth Parade. A native of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, his courtesy name is Zhixi. Advocate the New Culture Movement and the Vernacular Movement. Former president of National Central University and first president of Tsinghua University. Died in Taipei.
Fu Sinian (1896-1950), a native of Liaocheng, Shandong Province, was named Mengzhen. Study historical languages. Died in Taipei.
Duan Xipeng (1897-1948), President of the Peking University Student Union, President of the Beijing Student Association of Secondary Schools and Above, and President of the National Federation of Students. A native of Yongxin, Jiangxi Province, his courtesy name is Shu Yi. Died in Shanghai.
Xu Deheng (1890-1990) was born in Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province. Founded Jiu San Society. He once served as Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Died of illness in Beijing.
Yu Fangzhou (1900-1928), formerly known as Lanzhu, also known as Fangzhou, was born in Ninghe County, Hebei Province (now Ninghe County, Tianjin). One of the leaders of the May 4th Movement in Tianjin, died in 1928.
Zheng Zhenduo
Wen Yiduo
Chen Tanqiu
Ma Jun
Zhang Guotao (1897-1979), director of the Lecture Department of the Beijing Students Federation. A native of Pingxiang, Jiangxi, one of the founders of the Communist Party of China.
May 4th Spirit
The main force of the May 4th Movement was students and young people. Their patriotic spirit, fighting spirit for truth and justice, fearlessness of violence and dark political spirit are worthy of learning by young people and students of any era.
The May Fourth Movement first developed from Peking University. The May Fourth spirit represents the spirit of concern for the country and the people, and the spirit of resistance without fear of violence. In fact, it is also the consistent school spirit of Peking University.
Patriotic spirit: The young people of the May 4th Movement took patriotism as their own responsibility, and their actions were all for the purpose of patriotism, and they were all based on safeguarding national dignity and national interests.
Bold spirit: Facing the warlord government, with passion, the courage to fight, no fear of power, and perseverance.
Independent spirit: The May 4th youth were not influenced by others and used their own thinking and actions to do everything, which showed the independence and innovation of young people.
Justice spirit: The reason why the May 4th Movement was victorious was because it had justice, the power of justice, and spiritual support. Because of justice, it was supported and supported by the power of justice.
Related groups during the May Fourth period
Xinmin Society: an early organization of the Communist Party. When it was established on April 14, 1918, it had more than 70 people by the end of 1920. The founders were Mao Zedong and Cai Hesen, including Li Weihan, Xiang Jingyu, Cai Chang, Xie Juezai, etc. At the beginning, it was "with the purpose of innovating academics, sharpening moral character, and improving people's hearts and customs." In May 1920, Mao Zedong presided over a meeting of members in Shanghai in Bansong Garden, Shanghai, where they discussed and determined that the attitude of the society is "potential and practical, not vain, not seeking the limelight." In July, members living in France met in Montal and agreed on the society's goal of "transforming China and the world." After the official establishment of the Communist Party of China, the Xinmin Society gradually stopped its activities.
Young China Society: A group of young people who are dissatisfied with the status quo and advocate social transformation. Created based on Mazzini's creation of "Young Italy" in the West. It was launched on June 30, 1918 and officially established on July 1. The initiators are Wang Guangqi, Zhou Taixuan, Li Dazhao, Chen Yusheng, Zeng Qi, Lei Baojing, and Zhang Mengjiu. Wang Guangqi was the main person in charge of the society in its early days. The society has been in existence for six years, and more than 120 people have joined it. The association is located in Beijing, with branches in Nanjing and Chengdu, and has members in many provinces in China. Abroad, France has the largest number of members living in France. Publications: "Young China", "Young World" and "Sunday". After the May 30th Movement in 1925, the society split, invisibly disbanded, and ceased activities.
National News Agency: In May 1918, after Chinese students returned home from school because they opposed the "Sino-Japanese Military Agreement on Joint Defense of Enemies", they established the Student National Salvation Corps in Shanghai. The National Society was established in Beijing on October 20, 1918, and the National magazine was founded in January 1919. The National Society was supported by Cai Yuanpei, Li Dazhao and others, and united many young intellectuals with patriotic ideas, with nearly 200 members.
Xin Chao Society: "Xin Chao" (the English name is, meaning "Renaissance") uses the slogan "Oppose old morality and promote new morality; oppose old literature and promote new literature", which is in line with the "New Youth" magazine at that time Echoes. It is a society organized by Peking University students. Its main founders are Fu Sinian and Luo Jialun. The society was established on January 19, 1918. On New Year's Day of 1918, the monthly magazine "New Wave" was published. On August 15, 1920, it was officially changed into an association. There were 21 members when it was founded, and it grew to 37 by the end of 1919. Shortly after the May 4th Movement, Fu and Luo went abroad to study, and the Xinchao Society ceased its activities.
Peking University Civilian Education Lecture Group: a social group organized by Peking University students. The main founders are Deng Zhongxia, Liao Shucang, etc. It was established in March 1919 and ended its activities in 1925. Huitong has grown to sixty or seventy people.
Awakening Society: Founded on September 16, 1919 in order to break the organizational separation of male and female students in Tianjin. At that time, there were 21 members, evenly divided between men and women. These include Zhou Enlai, Deng Yingchao, Guo Longzhen, Ma Jun, Liu Qingyang, Chen Zhidu, etc. This organization is relatively strict. Names are abolished externally. New members must be introduced by three or more members, and the decision is discussed and decided by all members. They use the lottery method to determine each person's code name. Zhou Enlai is "Wu Hao"; Deng Yingchao is "Yi Hao". In January 1920, the press founded the publication "Awakening", in which Zhou Enlai wrote "The Declaration of Awakening" and so on. Later, Zhou Enlai, Guo Longzhen and others were arrested for leading the student movement, and the Awakening Society went underground.
Marx Theory Research Society: initiated by 19 people including Peking University students Gao Chonghuan and Deng Zhongxia.
Comrades Association for Democratic Governance: In the spring of 1922, it was initiated by nine students from Peking University. These nine people are Wang Ru (later renamed Kunlun), Fu Rulin, Zhong Ruzhong (later renamed Tianxin), Chen Zhaobin (later renamed Junpu), Zou Degao (early Ming Dynasty), Chen Mingde, Tan Kemin, Yuan Shibin, Jiang Shaomo, etc.
Sun Wenism Grand Alliance: Founded in Guangzhou on January 26, 1927, it was later renamed Sun Wenism Society. Due to the anti-communist Sun Wenism Society organized by Huangpu Military Academy, it was renamed Sun Yat-sen Grand Alliance. This alliance was initiated by eight young people, namely Guo Chuntao, Deng Feihuang, Li Chengzhi, Yu Zhenying, Li Shijun, Yan Guofu, Liao Weifan, and Wang Bingjun. Later, two hundred people including Wang Lizai, Fan Yusui, and Huang Shaogu (from Hunan) joined. Most of the remaining people later joined Wang Jingwei's reorganized faction and served Feng Yuxiang.
Practice Society: Founders Li Shouyong, Xu Xiaoyan, Deng Wen (Huo Jun), etc. Except for Deng Wen who was killed together with Mr. Li Dazhao in 1926, most of its members tended to support the National Government.
Xingzhong Society: Founders Tong Guanxian, Wang Cifu, Wang Lixi, etc. This faction claimed to be neither left nor right. Later Wang Cifu joined the New Deal Department, and Tong Guanxian became the legislative president of the government when Chiang Kai-shek was defeated. The funds for the society are provided by Shang Zhen.
Cheng Xue Xue: It was organized by Sichuan students Zou Fuchu, Chen Mingde, Zheng Xiazheng and others. It is a local organization that attempts to interfere in Sichuan's political situation. Most of them are members of the Democratic Comrades Association and have connections with Sichuan warlord Liu Xiang and others.
National Assembly Promotion Committee: established in Beijing on May 1, 1925. Reference: May 4th Movement
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