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Contents of this article
- 1. The whereabouts of Heshibi in the Qin Dynasty
- 2. What kind of jade is He's Bi made of?
- 3. What kind of jade is He’s wall made of?
- 4. Jade and the like are called Qiu
The whereabouts of He's Bi in the Qin Dynasty
Stone is valued by people, and people are distinguished by stones. If it hadn't been for the He family's jade, the story of "returning to Zhao after the end of the wall" would never have been performed and the prime minister would have left his name in history. He would have most likely been a man of grass and grass, and would have lived in Miao Xian's house and grown old under the roof; If Lin Xiangru of Qin Dynasty had not had the courage and knowledge to carry the jade to the Qin Dynasty, the value of He's jade might not have risen sharply and become extremely valuable. At best, it would have been nothing more than a plaything in the hands of princes or emperors. Nowadays, Lin Xiangru's tomb has long been abandoned, but where is the piece of Heshi Bi that once left the warmth in Lin Xiangru's hand?
In fact, for thousands of years, people have been paying attention to and looking for this mysterious treasure that has been passed down all over the world.
Now we are still talking about the fact that there was a jade in the history of our country, and the confusing and magical stories that resulted from it are fundamentally attributed to Han Fei. He narrated the process of Bian He's treasure presentation in "Han Feizi. Heshi Chapter": In the Spring and Autumn Period, Bian He obtained the jade in Jingshan Mountain and presented it to King Li of Chu and King Wu of Chu successively. Later, when King Wen came to the throne, Bian He hugged Pu and cried bitterly for three days and three nights. His tears ran out and he wept blood. In the end, he impressed King Wen with his sincerity. Let the jade man take care of the original, and he will get the precious jade. After being carved by a good craftsman, it was called "He's Bi". In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai once wrote "Ancient Style" to eulogize his story and use it to satirize the state of the world: "Bringing a jade into the Chu country, you will doubt what you have heard in the past; good jade will eventually be full, but it will be in vain to see the king three times." "
During the approximately four hundred years from King Wen of Chu to King Xuan of Chu, He's Bi was passed down from generation to generation, and He's Bi was always preserved in the royal family of the King of Chu. When he came to King Wei, he was rewarded for his contribution to Prime Minister Zhaohe in defeating Yue and defeating Wei. Later, during the Zhaohe period, a banquet was held in Chishan, and at the request of the guests, they were brought out to watch and enjoy. There are fish playing in the deep pool at the foot of the mountain, and everyone is rushing to see them. When Cheng wanted to finish the banquet and everyone dispersed, the Heshi Bi disappeared! At that time, Zhang Yizheng, who had not yet made his fortune, was succumbing to the Zhaohe family. People suspected that he had no actions and would steal the prime minister's jade. So "we held Zhang Yi together and plundered hundreds of people." But in the end, there was no solid evidence, so we had to give up. Whether it was an unjust case or not is unknown. Anyway, there is no trace of Heshibi and its whereabouts are unknown.
Decades later, Miao Xian, the eunuch of the State of Zhao, accidentally purchased the Heshi Bi for five hundred gold. When the King of Zhao heard about it, he took it as his own, and from then on the Bi was lost to the State of Zhao. It is difficult to determine whether the jade purchased by Miao Xian was from the past. King Zhaoxiang of Qin learned that the jade was in Zhao State, so he tried to use force to seize it, pretending to exchange the jade with fifteen cities. When the State of Zhao was helpless, on the recommendation of Miao Xian, Lin Xiangru "went to the Qin Dynasty with a jade from the west". With superhuman courage and resourcefulness, Xiangru performed a story of "returning to Zhao after defeating the wall" that has been passed down through the ages in Chinese history. The ending is "Qin will not give Zhao the city, and Zhao will not give Qin Bi."
Later, Qin destroyed Zhao and plundered all their wealth. Naturally, the Heshi Bi fell into the bag. In 221 BC, King Qin Yingzheng unified the world and was known as the "First Emperor". The seal that symbolizes the supreme and supreme power is naturally very natural, so a "Chuangguo Seal" was specially made with He's jade. Prime Minister Li Si's seal script was written on it with the eight characters "If you receive orders from heaven, you will live forever", in the shape of a dragon, a phoenix, a bird and an insect. In 229 BC, the First Emperor took a dragon boat to Xiangshan Mountain in Dongting during his inspection tour. A sudden storm arose and the dragon boat was in danger of capsizing. In order to worship the god Zhentao, he threw his precious seal into the lake. Eight years later, an envoy passed through Pingshu Road in Huayin. He met a man holding a jade and said: "I have left you the king of Bianchi." From then on, it was said that the national seal was lost and recovered.
At the end of Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang led his troops into Xianyang. In Ba Shang, the King of Qin in plain clothes and white horse "Zi Ying presented the First Emperor's Seal", Liu Bang accepted it and wore it. To be passed down from generation to generation, it was named "Han Chuan Guo Xi".
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped the throne. The young emperor Liu Ying was only two years old, and the national seal was managed by Wang Mang's aunt, the Empress Dowager Xiaoyuan of Han Dynasty. Wang Mang ordered his younger brother Beiyang Marquis Wang Shun to go to Changle Palace and ask for it. The Queen Mother was so angry that she threw the seal to the ground. Unfortunately, a corner of the most precious treasure in the world was missing. Later, it was inlaid with gold, but after all, it was difficult to repair, leaving flaws.
After Guangwu Zhongxing, Mang was defeated. The national seal was changed several times during the war, and finally fell into the hands of Liu Xiu. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Shichang servants caused chaos. The young emperor of the Han Dynasty left the palace in a hurry at night to take refuge. In the panic, it was reported that the imperial seal was lost. He returned to the palace in disorder, but his whereabouts were nowhere to be found. Soon, when "Eighteen Route Princes attacked Dong Zhuo", Sun Jian, the governor of Changsha, invaded Luoyang and fished out the body of a palace concubine from the Zhen Palace well in the south of the city. He found that there was a golden lock and red box hidden in the brocade bag under her neck. After opening it, it was found that it was It is engraved with the seal text "If you are ordered by heaven, you will live forever", and it is the seal of the country after being inlaid with gold. Sun Jian suddenly had a strange idea and immediately withdrew to Luyang, plotting to proclaim himself emperor. However, he was killed in Xianshan soon. Yuan Shu took advantage of Sun Jian's wife Wu's return home with her coffin, and "grabbed her from Mrs. Jian" and later proclaimed himself emperor. After Yuan Shu's death, Xu Qiu, the prefect of Guangling, followed Yuan Shu's method and intercepted Yuan's wife on her way to the Lujiang River carrying her coffin, and later presented it to Cao Cao. The Three Kingdoms are in a tripartite state, and the seal belongs to Wei. Later, the three kingdoms returned to Jin, and the seal fell into the hands of Sima Yan.
At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, history entered the "Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms" period, with frequent regime changes. In the bloody massacre, the national seal also changed hands frequently. In 304 AD, Liu Yuan, the leader of the Xiongnu, rebelled against the Jin Dynasty and became known as the "King of Han". Liu Yuan died of illness, and his son Liu Cong won the throne. During the "Yongjia Rebellion", Wang Mi and others invaded Luoyang, captured Emperor Huai of the Jin Dynasty and obtained the imperial seal; later Liu Yao seized the throne and changed "Han" to "Zhao", which was called "former Zhao" in history, and the imperial seal fell to Yao hand. Shi Le, the leader of the Houji people, built "Hou Zhao". In 328 AD, he captured Liu Yao and obtained the seal, and engraved the four characters "Destiny Shishi" on the seal. Later, Ran Min, a Han nationality, destroyed the later Zhao and established "Ran Wei" and won the imperial seal. After Min died, the seal was passed down to his son Ran Zhi. Three years later, Murong Jun of the former Yan Dynasty besieged Yecheng, the capital of Wei, with heavy troops, and Dai Shi, the prefect of Puyang in the Jin Dynasty, earned the jade seal in the name of sending troops to rescue. Sent to Jiankang (Nanjing) by Xie Shang, general of Jin Anxi. It was the eighth year of Yonghe reign of Emperor Mu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At this point, the jade seal returned to Jin after more than 40 years of exile.
In 420 AD, Emperor Gong of the Jin Dynasty settled in Liu Yu, and his seal entered the "Liu Song", and then passed through Qi, Liang, Chen, and Sui. The last seal fell into the hands of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan, who changed "Xi" to "Bao".
It is a pity that the national seal was passed down to the fifth generation and its whereabouts are unknown since then. Taizu of the Song Dynasty seized power through the "Chenqiao Mutiny". From the later Zhou Dynasty, only two treasure seals were obtained, and the national treasure seal was lost.
The seal is a symbol of the imperial power "mandated by heaven". It is used to promote the "mandate of heaven" and consolidate the political power. Therefore, in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, there were imperial seals that were difficult to distinguish between true and false.
In the third year of Shaosheng's reign in the Song Dynasty, Duan Yi of Xianyang built a house and dug in the ground in Henan Township, and got a jade seal with "five plates of Chi buttons on the back". "The color is as green as orchid, warm and lustrous", which was "researched" by Cai Jing, a Hanlin scholar, and other officials, and was called Zhezong's "genuine national seal made in Qin Dynasty".
After Zhu Yuanzhang ascended the throne in the Ming Dynasty, he did not hesitate to expedition into the desert with 100,000 people in search of the so-called "Jade Seal to pass down the country." In the 13th year of Hongzhi's reign in the Ming Dynasty, Mao Zhixue of Huxian County obtained the national seal at Niheside. Xiong Yuzhong, the governor of Shaanxi Province, presented it to Emperor Xiaozong of the Ming Dynasty. However, Emperor Xiaozong suspected that it was fake and "did not use it".
In the early Qing Dynasty, there were 39 jade seals in the Jiaotai Hall of the Forbidden City, one of which was engraved with the seal "I have been ordered by heaven, and I will live forever". Emperor Qianlong was obsessed with jade throughout his life and left more than 800 poems (first poems) about jade, which can be called a connoisseur of jade. But in 1746 AD, when he designated 25 of them as the national seal, he excluded this seal. It can be seen that it is also a fake. In November 1924, when Puyi, the last emperor in Chinese history, was expelled from the palace, police chiefs Zhang Bi and Lu Zhonglin were still pursuing this "gold-encrusted jade seal passed down from generation to generation." Isn't it in vain?
It has been more than 2,600 years since Bian He presented the treasure to the First Emperor making jade seals, and then mysteriously disappeared. Heshibi rises and falls with the waves of history. For thousands of years, there have been different opinions and no consensus. With the development of history and the progress of science, I believe that one day, He's Bi will reappear in the world to solve the eternal mystery!
What kind of jade is He's Bi made of?
He's Bi is a famous jade in Chinese history, also known as He's Bi, Jing Yu, Jing Hong, Jing Bi, He Bi, and He Pu. It is a rare treasure in the world. Regarding what kind of jade He's Bi is, the earliest record comes from "Han Feizi". According to the story of Bian He offering jade, we can infer that He's Bi should be a kind of stone-covered jade, because there is a weathered leather shell on the outside of the jade. That's why King Li and King Wu of Chu failed to recognize the precious jade, which resulted in the tragedy of Bian He having his feet chopped off.
Based on the above evidence, many experts and scholars currently have four main views on what kind of jade He's Bi is. The first one thinks that He's Bi should be turquoise, because the current place of origin of turquoise is the ancient Jingshan area, and turquoise is also a kind of stone-covered jade. The second theory is that He's Bi is Dushan Jade, because the origin of Dushan Jade is very close to Nanyang, Henan and Xiangyang, Hubei, and Dushan Jade was very popular in the Spring and Autumn Period.
According to legend, Bian He, a native of Chu, saw a phoenix landing on a bluestone at the foot of Jingshan Mountain. He concluded that there must be a fine jade hidden in the stone. So Bian He dedicated the bluestone to the then king, King Chu Li. King Li ordered the jade worker to inspect it. After inspecting it, the jade worker said that it was just an ordinary blue stone.
The story of He Shibi.
According to legend, Bian He, a native of Chu, saw a phoenix landing on a bluestone at the foot of Jingshan Mountain. He concluded that there must be a fine jade hidden in the stone. So Bian He dedicated the bluestone to the then king, King Chu Li. King Li ordered the jade worker to inspect it. After inspecting it, the jade worker said that it was just an ordinary blue stone.
King Li was furious and ordered his men to cut off Bian He's left foot and drive him out of the palace. After King Li died, King Wu of Chu ascended the throne, and Bian He dedicated this bluestone to King Wu of Chu who succeeded him. After King Wu's jade worker inspected it, he also said it was just an ordinary blue stone. Bian He had his right foot cut off and was expelled from the palace.
After King Wen of Chu succeeded to the throne, Bian He cried bitterly for three days and three nights at the foot of Jingshan Mountain with a blue stone in his arms. After King Wen of Chu heard about it, he sent someone to ask him why. Bian He said that I had precious jade but it was not appreciated by others, so I was suffering. So King Wen ordered someone to cut open the bluestone, and he found a rare jade in the world. King Wen was moved by Bian He's spirit and named the jade He's Bi.
What kind of jade is He's wall made of?
It is recorded in ancient literature: When viewed from the side, the color is blue, when viewed directly, the color is white... There has always been a lot of controversy over the raw materials of He's Bi. Mr. Hao Yongwei proposed the origin and lithology of He's Bi (three stones within a length of 1,400 meters). Basic small rock mass...) It is determined that He's Bi is most likely a collection of moonstones, and its origin is in the hinterland of Shennongjia. This place is probably the place where Bian He Baopu was born.
Labradorite is a kind of neutral plagioclase in the plagioclase subgroup of the silicate feldspar group. The crystal shape is often plate-like or plate-column, usually white, with glassy luster. Beautiful blue-green, purple-red, golden and other tones can sometimes be seen along the cleavage surface in a certain direction. The hardness is 6-6.5, and the specific gravity is 2.55- 2.76. Both groups are completely cleaved. Labradorite is named "spectral stone" because it can flash colorful colors like the solar spectrum in a certain direction. This is just a special optical effect that is difficult to observe when it deviates from this direction.
Labradorite The mineral Labradorite is named after its discovery on the coast of Labrador, Canada. There are two types of elongated moonstone and color-changing labradorite. The mineral belongs to the basic species of plagioclase, which contains 35 to 50% of steel feldspar molecules and 50 to 75% of tungsten feldspar molecules. There may also be a small amount of potassium feldspar in the composition. The crystals are plate-shaped or plate-cylindrical. Opaque to translucent, a few have higher transparency and glassy luster. Hardness 6~6.5, specific gravity 2.67~2.72. Produced in basic igneous rocks or veins. Elongated moonstone has a play of color (moonlight is as cold as autumn colors) (turning the gem, the gradual change in brilliance is called "play of color"). Color-changing labradorite has white, blue and other colors that change with the direction of the light source (i.e. "color-changing").
If "He's Bi" is labradorite, then "He's Bi" is not considered to be a high-quality product or masterpiece in the jade family, both in terms of material and processing. An ordinary member of the world; I recently looked up information about moonstones. Moonstones have no shell, so you can see the original stone without cutting it open, and it will change color with the light source!
There is also a saying that it should be Lantian jade. I think it is not as rare as Hetian jade. In the eyes of people at that time, it was an ordinary jade. In the eyes of people now, it is also an ordinary jade. It cannot be compared with Xinjiang jade. Compared with Hetian jade, there may be different opinions in the future, because modern people like jade, and some people prefer Hetian green white jade, but the facts cannot be changed because of personal preferences. We should start from an objective perspective. Let’s look at and analyze this issue from a different perspective! Driven by modern commercial interests and geographical interests, we cannot just put Heshibi in various unobjective clothes to confuse us.
Let’s start with Bian He. Why was Bian He able to recognize the jade at a glance, but no one recognized it when he offered it to him? It is to deceive the monarch. Just imagine, if it is a moonstone, it has no skin and can change colors when exposed to light. Even if ordinary people see it, it cannot be said to be deceiving the monarch. They can only smile, let alone kill others. The method of using the leg to express punishment means that it looks like a stone. This should be undoubtedly true. The results of the second treasure offering can further prove this point. It is not said that both kings are cruel. Seeing the moon A monarch whose light stone can cut off a person's legs. No matter who sees the original moonstone, they all feel fond of it, and I believe the king is no exception. Therefore, the theory that it is a moonstone can be completely ruled out.
The fact that Bian He lost his legs further confirms and proves that what Bian He presented was a stone, a stone with a leather shell, and the fact that beautiful jade can be found in the stone shows that Bian He should be an experienced A very experienced jade picker. Most people can only know Jade Pu if they are very experienced and have enough confidence to dedicate it to their king. However, as a very experienced jade picker, there is no It is impossible to have more than ten years of jade mining experience. If you want to collect jade and pursue the greatest economic benefits, you should go to Hotan, Xinjiang to collect jade at that time. Just like there are still many jade mining companies now. Every year, tens of thousands of jade-picking troops go to Hotan to pick jade. The more they go, the more jade they pick, and the more experience they accumulate, the more naturally they will be able to see clearly. Not only must they be clear, but they must also It is even more difficult to know the quality of jade. As an ordinary jade picker, it is not possible. It must be a very experienced master to see it. In current terms, it can be called jade. He is an expert, and the facts have proved Bian He’s vision and experience. Therefore, this jade material should come from Hotan, Xinjiang! And because of Bian He's mood when he picked such a good piece of jade as a native of Chu, he thought that only his king was qualified to enjoy this piece of jade, so he dedicated it to his king, but he failed twice. , can you not be sad?
There are also modern jadeite shells, and there are also gambling stones, where the bet is how much green it turns out. However, the mining of jadeite became popular in the Qing Dynasty. According to previous records, there were sporadic discoveries and records. There is no specific and large-scale appearance. It is particularly important to mention that the "Silk Road" is also known as the "Jade Road". As early as the Han Dynasty, merchants in the Middle East began to transport jade to the East and silk from the East to the East. From the West, a large amount of jade entered the East and became a fashionable item. Just like silk entered the West, it also became the most fashionable thing. This became a social trend. To quarry jade from Hunan, at that time Taking the Silk Road is the best way, and it is impossible to travel to Myanmar through thousands of mountains and rivers. From the "Journey to the West" of the Tang Dynasty, it is just a myth and legend, but we can truly feel it. Only in the Tang Dynasty did monks go to the previously legendary West, that is, the ancient Indian Empire, and opened the road from the East to India, making it possible for jade to enter China. It can be said that during the Warring States Period, the scarcity of jade was something that Bian He could not recognize. It can be said that it is a piece of Xinjiang Hetian jade!
Another question is why Bian He didn’t cut open the original stone himself? Why does this rough stone have to wait for a jade worker to cut it open? Since Bian He could recognize this rough stone, at that time, Bian He was just a jade collector who made a living by selling jade, not a jade collector. He had no tools and equipment and no way to dissect it. And maybe due to price considerations, the only one who could afford this price was the king, so the purpose of his offering was to pursue the greatest commercial interests. Facts have also proved this, this piece of jade is worth 15 cities , one can imagine how valuable it is!
"Looking from the side, it looks blue, looking straight up, it looks white." This is also a very credible statement. Among the jade types in Hotan, the colors are also ever-changing. For example, the green color of Hotan Lake, which is now discontinued, is very Beautiful jade, to understand this sentence, it should be understood that the thickness of jade is different, which makes the color seen slightly different. It is like looking at glass. Thin ones look transparent, and thick enough to a certain extent. The transparency of the piece of "He's Wall" is very good. It is a piece of white jade with a bit of bluish color, so it looks white from the front, but looks a bit bluish from the side because it is thicker. I There is a piece of Hetian green white jade in my collection that also has this effect. You can use it for comparison. The effect is not very good. The understanding of this sentence should be related to the transparency and thickness!
He's Bi can be found in the records of "Han Feizi" and other books in the Pre-Qin Dynasty. Qin Shihuang processed it into a jade seal, and it was passed down through generations. When Li Congke (the deposed emperor) of the Later Tang Dynasty, because Shi Jingtang, who was left behind in Beijing, colluded with the Khitan Yelu Deguang to attack Luoyang, the deposed emperor took the jade (the national seal) to the Xuanwu Tower and burned himself. Since then, the whereabouts of He's Bi are unknown, which has become the biggest mystery in the study of ancient jade now and in the future.
Another problem is that this piece of Hetian jade is very large. It is recorded in ancient books that He's wall can be changed into a national jade seal. As for the concept of wall turning into a seal, it is not easy to understand. In my opinion, it should be that King Chu Wen wanted to This stone was specially named "He's Bi" to express his apology and great contribution to Bian He. He's Bi should refer to a piece of jade with the skin removed, which has not yet been processed, and was finally processed into a traditional jade seal. , there should be leftover materials, what was processed into them? Later generations are said to have a jade seal processed from leftover materials hidden in a Taoist temple. Is it true? It is unknown, but it is certain that there will be leftover materials after processing into jade seals. At present, there are relatively few findings on leftover materials, and this remains to be discussed.
Jade and the like are called Qiu
The name of jade is Qiu, and the second one is Lan. Because the county produces beautiful jade, it is named Lantian.
In ancient times, the fine jade was called "ball" and the secondary jade was "blue". Because it was rich in secondary jade, it was named Lantian.
Lan Tian
When mentioning Lan Tian, most people think of two things:
One is Lan Tian ape-man. According to the "Compendium of General History of China" edited by Bai Shouyi: "From 1963 to 19*, the skull, maxilla, mandible and three tooth fossils of ape man were discovered in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province, as well as Paleolithic tools and animal fossils. The ape-men here are called Lantian ape-men, and they were about 500,000 to 600,000 years ago. "The site is located on the hillside of Gongwangling, 20 kilometers east of the county. In the old days, I often passed by it when I went to Shangzhou (my wife's hometown is Shangzhou), but unfortunately I have never been there to actually inspect it.
The other one is Lantian Jade. Lantian is named after Lantian Jade. "San Qin Ji" Lantian article says: "Jade and the like are called Qiu, followed by Lan. Because the county produces beautiful jade, it is named Lantian. "According to the cloud, Lantian jade was a famous jade in ancient times, and the famous He's Bi was Lantian jade. The famous line in Li Shangyin's poem "Jin Se" "The moon in the sea has tears, and the blue sky is warm and the jade produces smoke", which makes the blue sky jade last for thousands of years. If you walk on the streets of Lantian County today, you can see jade shops everywhere. I am an outsider in jade, and I don’t know whether these are true or false. In the early years, I heard Zhuo Yiting sing in a song: "I heard that it is always true at first, but then it will gradually become false. "Lantian jade is the same as feelings, so it's probably the same.
The first time I heard about Lantian was during the Cultural Revolution. At that time, some people from other places often came to our village to beg for food. Those people held a broken porcelain bowl in one hand, a dozen dog sticks in the other, and a thick bag on their backs. Bags, begging from door to door: "Auntie! Uncle old man! Poor, pitiful! Kill it a little! "When my mother saw them coming to her door, she would often give her a cornmeal bun or a piece of steamed red sweet potato. (At that time, even though we lived in the prosperous Guanzhong Plain, we could only survive on corn and red sweet potato, because almost all wheat was consumed. (I paid the public food), and asked by the way: “Where is your home? That person often said: "Shang County or Lantian." "Therefore, in my young mind, Lantian was not as beautiful as its name.
The first time I went to Lam Tin was in the summer of 1991. When I was in normal school, I had a good friend named Confucian who lived in Lantian. When I had nothing to do during the summer, I remembered the message he wrote to me in his graduation album: “…Don’t forget me, my dear brother, at the foot of the Qinling Mountains. One day, when I bring my beautiful wife to visit Lantian, I will definitely be my guide and guide me to the Lantian Ape Man Site, Shuilu Temple, Wangchuan... Address: Lijiagou, Mengcun Township, Lantian County. "
So I got on my bicycle and headed towards Lantian, heading west along National Highway 310 to Baqiao, then turning south onto National Highway 312. To the east of the road is the turbulent terrace, and to the west of the road is the gurgling Bashui River. The scenery is quite good. On the way, I saw a town named Huaxu Town, and I remembered a passage in Liezi: "(Yellow Emperor) slept during the day and dreamed, and traveled in the country of the Huaxu family. "The country has no teachers, it's just natural." Its people have no desires, it is just natural. "Could this be the legendary Huaxu Kingdom?" Asking the locals confirmed my guess. Moving forward, I saw another tombstone on the side of the road, which read "Tomb of Cai Wenji of Han Dynasty". Behind the tomb was a low mound covered by miscellaneous trees. Then I remembered the "Poetry of Sorrow and Indignation" written by this talented woman: "The Han Dynasty lost power, and Dong Zhuo was in chaos. If you are determined to usurp and kill, you will first harm all the virtuous people. Forced to move to the old country, support the master to strengthen themselves. There are righteous teachers in the country who want to fight against the bad luck together. "After reciting, we continued southbound and soon arrived at the county seat. I asked the locals about the location of Mengcun, and they said it was on Bailuyuan in the southwest of the county. It was about an hour away by bike.
It was getting dark at this time, so I drove forward quickly, and after some twists and turns, I finally found Lijiagou Confucianism in the evening. It’s been so long since I’ve seen an old classmate, so the excitement is naturally extraordinary. After eating a large bowl of noodles with clear soup cooked by his mother for me, the two of us slept in the same bed and had a long talk all night long. As for the scene of our separation the next day, I will not mention it here.
In the past few years, my wife and daughter and I have visited Lam Tin many times. I love Lantian, mainly because of its different customs and landscapes from Guanzhong. Wandering on the streets of Lantian County, you can often see wheelbarrows, which are rare in Guanzhong. The walls of farmhouses are often made of stone, which is also the same as in Guanzhong. On both sides of the river, there are acres and acres of emerald-green rice fields, which are rare in Guanzhong. As for the tall and green mountains and the clear and bright water, it is even more intimate. "Climbing the mountain in a hurry to look down at Wangchuan River, you can see that the paddy fields are still green and the trees are still there; if you want to know the depths of the desert, it's still clear and April day. "This is the Wangchuan landscape described by Wang Wei. “The blue water falls from a thousand streams far away, the jade mountain is high and its two peaks are cold. Who will be healthy at this meeting next year? Zui looked at the dogwood carefully. "This is the blue water and jade mountain in Du Fu's eyes. "Where is my home in the Qinling Mountains where the clouds are flowing? The snow embraces the blue gate and the horse cannot move forward. I know that you came from afar with a purpose, so that you can take me back to the riverside of Gumiasma! "This is the ancient Languan Road in Han Yu's mind. Wangchuan, Yushan, Languan, these beautiful landscapes are all in Lantian. Unfortunately, I have not visited them carefully so far, or I have visited them without paying attention. I will look for them one by one when I have time in the future.
Archaeological data proves that Lantian jade is one of the earliest types of jade developed and utilized in my country, with a history of more than 4,000 years.
Lantian County is located in the southeast of Xi'an City, 40 kilometers away from Xi'an. Except for the Qinling Mountains in the east and south, the county borders the Sichuan Plain hilly area. The Bahe River and the Huhe River that flow around Chang'an originate from here, and the famous Bailuyuan is sandwiched between the Bahe River and the Shanghai River. During the Warring States Period, the Qin Dynasty established Lantian County. Because the beauty of jade is called blue, and the county produces beautiful jade, it was named Lantian. It is now one of the counties under the jurisdiction of Xi'an City.
Lantian jade is colorful, mostly emerald green, so it is commonly known as "caiyu". Its color is like the young leaves of cabbage, but there are also mixed colors of milky white, green, yellow and red. , mineralogy calls it serpentine marble. Because it contains oxidized silicon, aluminum, magnesium, sodium, calcium, copper and other elements, it shows a variety of beautiful colors, with a Mohs hardness of 5 to 7 degrees. The jade origin is in the Hetaogou area in the Qinling Mountains in Wangchuan River.
Our wise and intelligent ancestors discovered the hard quality, delicate texture and beautiful color of Lantian jade at least in the late Neolithic Age, and used it to make tools and ritual vessels. Among the 125 jade artifacts of the Shenmu Shimao Longshan Culture collected by the Shaanxi History Museum, there is a vegetable jade shovel made of Lantian jade. The shovel is grass green, with a light brown edge on the edge. It is long and trapezoidal, with a flat and thin body, a straight back and one corner. The blade is slightly slanted, and the circle is pierced to one side. It is 16.8 cm long and 7.5 cm wide. It is extremely thin. Sharp, only 0.2 cm thick. During the Warring States Period, blue field jade was developed on a large scale. The large jade ax of the Warring States Period discovered in Tianshui City, Gansu Province has the unique green-gray and mottled texture of blue field jade. The large yue body is flat and shovel-shaped, with a wide arc blade and two raised corners. There are beautiful inward arcs on both sides of the yue body and two rectangular holes carved into each side. Because it functions as a ceremonial instrument and it is inconvenient to install a handle, a square notch is made in the handle part to indicate the place where the handle is installed. The end of the yue is shaped like a phoenix or a cloud, and the front is connected with a mouth of a curly-tailed tiger. The pattern on both sides of the body of the yue is the same, with an animal mask pattern engraved in shallow relief on each side. His image has cross-brows and inward hooks, "chen"-shaped eyes, a U-shaped nose, and long, drooping beard on both sides of the nose. Above the animal's face pattern, there are arcuate protrusions that are symmetrical to the left and right, and extend downward to encompass the animal's face and close it, thus forming an arc pattern parallel to the protruding arc blade. The surfaces of the ax near the holes are each decorated with the unique square folded curling cloud pattern of the Warring States and Qin Dynasty, with S patterns on the sides. There are two parallel straight lines carved near the notch on the handle, and there are two dot patterns corresponding to the handle notch. Both sides of the end are also decorated with square folded curling cloud patterns and round snake patterns. Gorgeous, majestic and exquisite, it gives people a solemn, mysterious and strong shock.
Han Yuefu's "Yu Linlang" has the sentence "Lantian jade on the head, large Qin pearls behind the ears", which shows that Lantian jade was widely used in jewelry during the Han Dynasty. A jade pendant unearthed in Tianshui City is the image of a dancing girl made of Lantian jade. It is long in shape and 9.5 cm high. The jade pendant has a large head, a slim waist, long sleeves, and a skirt that touches the floor. She raises her arms and swings her sleeves to dance. . A jade shop head with four gods pattern was unearthed from the Maoling of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the most exquisite piece of jade carvings in Lantian in the Han Dynasty. It is 36.5 cm wide, gray green, with convex buttons at the bottom, and the four corners are slightly rounded. They are milled separately. The four popular images of Qinglong, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu. A ring is used as the bridge of the nose at the bottom of the surface, and the thick eyebrows and bulging eyes are connected to form a large animal face. Eight vertical lines on the lower edge outline a wide row of teeth. The patterned image is solemn and dignified, the craftsmanship is superb, and the lines use hard and soft lines to create a royal atmosphere. Such a huge jade shop head is the only one seen so far, and represents the highest level of jade conquest in the Han Dynasty. In addition, a piece of jade to ward off evil spirits was also unearthed in Baoji City. It was also made of Lantian jade. It was green with stripes and was carved in the round. It was 18.2 cm high. The evil-doing figure looks up, opens its mouth and erects its ears like a roar, the lower jaw is connected to the chest, and there are two wings on the front crotch. The body is strong and the limbs are thick. Unfortunately, three legs are incomplete. Sockets are carved on the back of the head and back, and there are sockets on the tail. hole. With its powerful shape, it is a national first-class cultural relic and is now in the Baoji City Museum.
The Sui Dynasty Bodhisattva statue displayed in the Stone Carving Hall of Xi'an Forest of Steles Museum is the largest Lantian jade sculpture. It was originally from the ruins of a Buddhist temple in Xi'an and is 1.85 meters high. The Bodhisattva wears a high crown on his head, has a round face, his ears hang down from his shoulders, his face is calm and kind, he is wearing a cassock, his chest is bare, and he has a monk's branch inside. A complicated necklace hangs down from his belly, and he bends his arms and stretches them forward to make a seal, but his hands are broken at the wrists. Sitting cross-legged and cross-legged on the lotus mound. The beautiful yellow-green color of Lantian Jade is revealed all over the body, especially the smooth knees that are touched by others.
Since the reform and opening up, the mining of Lantian jade has opened a new chapter. Jade workshops have blossomed everywhere, jade shops have lined the streets, and the transaction volume has been unprecedentedly large, and the industry has flourished. The main jade carving products include bracelets, fitness balls, jade pendants, study utensils, daily cups, and even daily utensils and building materials such as pillows, floor tiles, and railings are also made of Lantian jade. The mining and utilization of Lantian jade is booming.
Any natural mineral resources are non-renewable, therefore they are limited and will eventually be exhausted. Therefore, I believe that the mining and utilization of Lantian jade should take the path of less mining, fine processing, and high foreign exchange earnings. From the above-mentioned historical relics, we can know that Lantian jade can also be carved into great works that will shine through the ages. The problem is that we need to cultivate first-class jade designers and thousands of skilled craftsmen today.
Lantian is a poor county with many people and a small area. The Lantian jade given by nature cannot be wasted in large quantities in the hands of our generation, especially when making large building materials, which will produce a lot of waste. material. I have seen such jade scraps piled up in mountains, abandoned on the roadside or dumped into river beaches, and I feel very sad. Lantian jade, this beautiful kind of jade, is a limited resource. We should cherish it a hundred times and use it sparingly. We should not collect it indiscriminately and process it roughly just for the sake of small profits. Hotan jade has been nearly extinct after thousands of years of use. However, the Chinese people’s cultural sentiment of cherishing jade and loving jade will be passed down from generation to generation. The mission of Lantian jade is self-evident. The glorious era of Lantian Jade is bound to come.
The above is all about what type of jade He's Bi is, the whereabouts of He's Bi in Qin Dynasty, and the related content about He's Bi and Sui Zhu. I hope it can help you.