Contents of this article
- 1.Otto’s famous sayings
- 2. I want to know about a person’s life experience in English
- 3. Modern psychoanalysis
- 4. 30 classic quotes from Austrian philosopher Otto Weininger
Otto's famous sayings
1. Man created woman, and as long as man still has sexual desire, he is willing to continue to re-create woman. Man gives woman consciousness, and likewise, he gives woman existence. Woman is man’s sin. ----"Sex and Character"
2. The laws of ethics are all hypothetical. Therefore, ethics cannot be used as logical evidence of existence. ----"Sex and Character"
3. The idea of beauty is the idea of nature, and therefore it is an eternal idea; but every beautiful thing and every part of nature can disappear. ----"Sex and Character"
4. The desire for immortality itself is nothing but a concrete example of a universal law: only things that transcend time limits have absolute value. On this basis, the connection between value and memory can be found. The durability of human experience is directly proportional to the meaning of things to people. If I express this truth in the form of a paradox, I can say: value is created from the past. The only things that can be protected by memory and saved from the jaws of time are those things that have absolute value. ----"Sex and Character"
5. A man regards loyalty as a condition for obtaining ideal love and as fulfilling a promise. Even if it is doubtful whether he can obtain such ideal love, he will see it this way. ----"Sex and Character"
6. Only when I stop committing sins will I realize sins. Similarly, as long as I live, I cannot understand life. Time is a mystery because I have not transcended time. Only death can teach me the meaning of life. I am still in time, not beyond time. I am still setting time, still looking forward to death, and still hoping for material life. I can't understand sin because I'm in it. When you understand, it is time to step out of the circle. I cannot understand my sin because I am still sinful. ----"The Last Things" (excerpt from a good article)
7. Only when a man has sexual desire can a woman have reality and meaning. ----"Sex and Character"
8. Only women can feel happy. No man is happy, because man is associated with freedom, and in his earthly life he is always subject to some form of bondage. Only a completely passive being (such as the absolute woman) or a completely active being (such as a god) can be happy. ----"Sex and Character"
9. There are women in the world who are not like women and women who are more like men, and there are also men who are not like men, are effeminate, and are more like women. ----"Sex and Character"
10. Maternal women regard sexual relations as a means to achieve an end; prostitute women regard sexual relations as an end in itself. ----"Sex and Character"
11. The desire for immortality itself is just a concrete example of a universal law: only things that transcend time limits have absolute value. ----"Sex and Character"
12. No one in the transitional stage between freedom and slavery will be happy. ----"Sex and Character"
13. Without recognizing the soul, it is impossible to study psychic phenomena at all. ----"Sex and Character"
14. The consciousness of guilt comes only from the fact that men desire the guilty object and do not want to reduce that object to nothing. ----"Sex and Character"
15. The family itself is not a real social structure. It is non-social in nature, and men who give up clubs and social circles after marriage will soon return there. ----"Sex and Character"
15 classic quotes from Graham Greene
1. The mayor is even going to suggest to other inmates that they hide the remaining two watches, which is better than not having any watches at all to tell the time. However, when he just opened his mouth to express this idea, he suddenly felt that it seemed a bit cowardly, so he stopped abruptly in the middle of the sentence. Whatever the reason that night, the mayor forgot to wind his watch. When he woke up in the morning, it was just light enough to see, so he hurriedly checked his pocket watch. "Hey," Pierre said, "What time is it?" What did the old antique say? The hands were set at a quarter to one, like an abandoned black wreckage. For the mayor, this was simply the most horrific moment of his life, worse than the day the Germans captured him, no, much worse. Prison destroys all senses, and the first thing lost is the sense of proportion. His eyes flitted across the faces of the others, as if he had committed some act of betrayal, turning his back on the only real time. ----"The Tenth Man"
2. Since I hate her so much sometimes, how can I still love her? So that we can really hate and love at the same time? Or do I really hate just myself? I hate the books I have written with trivial techniques; I hate the craftsman's mind in me, which is so greedy for people to copy, that it makes me seduce someone I don't want to get writing materials. The woman I love; I hate my body, which has endured so much without being able to express its inner feelings; I hate my suspicious mind, which sends Pakis out to stalk, to powder the doorbell, Go rummaging around in the wastebasket and steal your secrets. ----"The End of Love"
3. I wrote at the beginning that this is a book that records hatred. Now I am walking on the streets at night with Henry and want to drink some beer. I find that praying at this moment seems to be particularly suitable for the winter mood: Oh, God, You have done enough, you have taken away too many things from me. I am tired and old. I don’t want to learn how to love anymore, so just let me die alone. ----"Love to the End"
4. Hale knew they were going to murder him less than three hours after arriving in Brighton. ----"Brighton Knock"
5. The fallacy of repenting before death is here: Repentance is the fruit of long-term practice and self-discipline, and it cannot be done only by fear. ----"Power and Glory"
6. I can tell you that there are enough problems in life without talking about sex. St. Paul once said that it is better to get married than to be consumed by lust. Mary will remain young and beautiful, and I will not fall into the furnace. ----"A case of self-contained virus" (Sad Diary)
7. He thought tiredly and desolately, I must do better in the future.
What will be sad in the future will be after this. Does it mean that butterflies will die in the process of finding love? That's not the case with people. People have to bear the consequences. He must bear both the responsibility and the guilt. He had sworn to make Louise happy, but now he had taken on another responsibility that contradicted his vow. ----"The Core of the Problem"8. There are many strange things in life. People find that no matter how difficult the life is, there are always some moments when you are still very happy, and you can always compare it with more unlucky moments. Even in the midst of hardships, the pendulum still swings back and forth. ----"Power and Glory"
9. In most people's lives, they often face a moment of catastrophe without knowing it.
10. When I sit down to work, I am so excited, ambitious, and full of hope. There is no resentment in my heart, only happiness. At that time, we were both very happy, with only ten years and a few counties separating us. Later we would meet, with no apparent purpose other than to cause each other so much pain. ----"The End of Love"
11. The priest sighed. He felt hollow because of the suffering he faced. Fear is more tiring than a monotonous, long journey. ----"Power and Glory"
12. Your kindness to me is, to some extent, a very cruel thing. We lost touch. We are in the same desert, perhaps looking for the same spring, but we cannot see each other and are always alone. I say this because if we were together, the desert would no longer be a desert. ----"The End of Love"
13. Sooner or later you have to choose a side if you want to be a human being. ----"The Quiet American"
14. This is a mistake people tend to make: just because you don’t see the expression in someone else’s eyes, you think he is not sad. ----"Power and Glory"
15. Pain is something that can be provided to you whenever you need it. ----"A case of spreading the virus on its own"
Thomas Hobbes Quotes
Hobbes's famous sayings
1. Leisure is the mother of philosophy. Thomas Hobbes
2. Knowledge is power Thomas Hobbes
3. Leisure is the mother of philosophy. Thomas Hobbes
4. In the past, people worshiped heretics, such as forest gods, fauns, banshees, etc. Most of the reasons were because they did not know how to distinguish dreams and other strong hallucinations from vision and feeling. Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan"
5. Hell is the truth discovered too late. Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan"
6. An ambitious man will not waste time on his wife and friends. He has to devote all his time to his enemies. Thomas Hobbes
7. Philosophy is knowledge about reasoning Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan"
8. The purpose of philosophy is to benefit life. Thomas Hobbes' "Theory of Objects"
9. This state of war in which everyone fights against each other may also produce a result, that is, nothing is unfair. There would be no notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice. Where there is no common power, there is no law; where there is no law, there is no justice. Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan"
10. Leisure is the mother of philosophy Thomas Hobbes
11. Every time a person violates reason, he will be punished by reason. Thomas Hobbes
12. Those who approve call personal opinions opinions, while those who disapprove call them heresies. Thomas Hobbes
13. Wealth, knowledge, and glory are just a few types of power. Thomas Thomas
14. The mutual transfer of rights is what people call a contract. Thomas Hobbes
15. The freedom of subjects only exists in things that the sovereign does not regulate their behavior, such as the freedom to buy, sell or other contractual acts, to choose their own residence, food, livelihood, and to educate their children in the way they deem appropriate. Freedom, etc. Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan"
16. Like everything else, whether a person is important depends on his own worth; that is, how much effect he plays. Thomas Hobbes
17. Philosophy excludes theology Thomas Hobbes' "Theory of Objects"
18. The purpose of philosophy is that we can use the existing knowledge results for our benefit, or we can apply some objects to other objects, and within the limits allowed by various conditions, we can produce something similar to what we envision in our minds. Those results are for the benefit of life. Hobbes' Theory of Bodies
19. Science is knowledge about reasoning, also called philosophy. Thomas Hobbes "Leviathan"
Leonov's famous quotes, Fuller's famous quotes, Li Ao's famous quotesThomas Carlyle Quotes
Tokarel's famous sayings
1. Excellent biographies are as rare as beautiful lives. Tokarel
2. Once art is divorced from reality, it will become absurd even if it does not perish. Tokarel
3. Only sincere people can recognize sincerity. tokarel
4. No biography truthfully records personal circumstances. It is just a heroic epic tokarel that describes life in rhyme or without rhyme.
5. Humor is justly hailed as the best poet Carlyle
6. Numbers prove everything Tokarel
7. Burke said that Congress has three major industries; but the fourth industry of newspapers is more important than the first three. Tokarel
8. Only autobiography is true history. tokarel
9. If heroes are sincere people, then why can’t we be heroes? Tokarel
10. Vanity is the sixth sense of greed Tokarel
11. The real slaves of this world are those who study it sincerely, and those who treat the world as soft wax and knead it into various forms at will. Tokarel
12. Vanity is the product of hypocrisy Tokarel
13. Youth is the happiest time in life, but this happiness is often entirely because it is full of hope, not because of anything gained or escaped. tokarel
14. Society is built on the basis of hero worship.
15. Only because life continues, do you blindly have faith? Tokarel
16. The admiration for heroes by all mankind existed yesterday, exists today, and will certainly exist in the future.
17. People who have no pursuit will soon become depressed. Even a trivial pursuit is better than nothing, Carlisle
Lord Acton's famous sayings and Landeis's famous sayings and Fu Lei's famous sayingsI want to know about a person's life experience in English
Weininger also believed that women excluded genius. Regarding the various inventions that women have made, Wei
ninger believes that they are just "appropriating other people's ideas as one's own." In depicting the moral aspect of women, Weining
ge used the darkest colors on his palette. "Women have no morals", lack sympathy, have no sense of self-respect,
have no shame, lack etiquette and are curious. �
According to Weininger, there are actually only two types of natural manifestations of women. Since "women need sexual intercourse,
not love," she views sexual intercourse firstly as a mother, that is, as a means of obtaining children, and secondly as a prostitute, that is, as a means of obtaining pleasure. What is the final conclusion of Weininger's opposition to women's rights? What exactly does he want to achieve? Women are reduced to animals. He said: "No matter how humble a man may be, he is always
vastly superior to the noblest woman. And it’s so big that it’s incomparable. ”
mpanel(1);�
Weininger’s starting point was to imagine the combination of the basic qualities of the ideal man and the ideal woman,
but gradually lost the internal balance and lost The scholar's at least rigorous style has found no particularly convincing evidence, let alone favorable argumentation and scientific basis, except for alarmist and extreme words
. In his book
, the final conclusion is that through the derogation of women, the future of human development is doomed. It is precisely
that with the interference of women, human beings are slowly heading toward suicide, civilization The end result is destruction.
modern psychoanalysis
Gao Ling/Text
After Peter Gay’s monumental work on Freud has been translated into Chinese, is there another “Biography of Freud”? Perhaps this is the first question that comes to mind when reading this book. Another new book on this topic is much more clever. Adam Phillips has written his "Becoming Freud" as a prehistory of psychoanalysis. In this way he evaded Peter Gay's Classics. But in fact Ernest Jones (1879-1958) really had no choice on this issue, because when Peter Gay's book was published (1988), he had been dead for a long time. So since Ernest Jones's works are earlier than Peter Gay's, and Peter Gay's works have an unshakable position in this field, why do we still read this book instead of reading it? Have you finished reading Peter Gay’s masterpiece?
Ernest Jones was a contemporary of Freud and a participant in the movement caused by the theory of psychoanalysis, and much of his writings about the school of psychoanalysis were adapted by Peter Gay Beyond, because Peter Gay stood on the shoulders of so many giants, including himself. But at least one thing about Ernest Jones cannot be ignored, that is, there is an equal perspective between him and Freud: although he is a follower of Freud, he mentioned Western When Professor Germund Freud taught him, he was thinking of the psychiatrist who lived at 19 Hill Lane.
This is very important. Because today Freud's personal life is being overshadowed by his academic achievements, just like the old Vienna where he once stood sideways is being annihilated by history. Freud was not born out of nowhere. He lived in Vienna at the turn of the two centuries, felt the issues that worried the entire society, and put forward his own views on this. These ideas were given their own scientific spin by Freud's life and career, resulting in the "doctrine of psychoanalysis." Only through the writings of Freud's contemporaries can we return to Freud's time to a certain extent and understand Freud as a Viennese.
Europe in the early 20th century was actually a long coda and reverberation of 19th century Europe. In the last thirty years of the 19th century and the first dozen years of the 20th century, the entire Europe was undergoing violent and rapid industrialization. Since the crisis of 1873, the economy has continued to advance rapidly with the support of protection policies. The new university system and professional Education brings continuous advancement in technology. Science, technology and industrialization pushed old Europe's lifestyle into the twentieth century. In this era when new apartments replace old mansions, electric lights replace gas lamps, new heating equipment in palaces, and bathrooms replace traditional heaters and toilets, the monarchy, church system, kings and nobles, princes and princesses of old Europe are like a daydream again throughout this ever-changing era. This era of convenience of life points to the future, while in terms of social system it is a continuation of the past.
The same is true in social ethics. For example, on the issue of "sex", the "women" in question cannot be understood as women in the gender sense. Women in sexual anxiety at the turn of the century were defined in terms of social status—that is, specifically referring to ladies from the middle and upper classes of society. In European society at that time, lower-class women were simply ignored on most issues, and only respectable middle-class and upper-class ladies were considered women. Balzac made this very clear in the opening chapter of "Marriage Statistics" in "The Physiology of Marriage": According to the standards of French society from 1815 to 1848, the total number of women in France who could be regarded as "ladies" was only a few thousand. people. Balzac also pointed out that there are nearly 10,000 romantic gentlemen in the upper class, and each of these nearly 10,000 young talents claims to have had more than one lover. Therefore, the truth about upper-class marriages during the Restoration and Orleans Dynasty was pointed out by Balzac using simple statistical methods.
In the more than half century from 1848 to the turn of the century, industrial progress led to a huge expansion of the Mr. and Mrs. ranks. Industrialization leads to urbanization, more and more people become citizens, and economic growth makes a considerable number of them become upper-class citizens. The aristocracy in the city's upper class, which was dominated by aristocrats from 1815 to 1848, was on the decline. The degree of this ebb is different, among which the nobility of the Habsburg Monarchy has the most serious ebb. In the Italian War of 1859, the emperor handed over the army to civilian officers selected by examination. In the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, the defeat in The system brought about conscription, depriving nobles of their privileges of being exempted from examinations to serve as officers and giving priority to promotions. The expansion of the franchise allowed aristocratic politicians to be gradually replaced by plebeian agitators. As the aristocracy declined politically, so did its economic influence.
The invention of ships allowed colonial food to flow into Europe. The abolition of serfdom and the construction of railways in Russia allowed Russian agricultural products to directly impact the food prices in Central Europe. The downturn in food prices has made the real estate aristocracy increasingly economically disadvantaged, while the prices of emerging luxuries and things needed for elegant life: from British dresses to newly invented gramophones, cinemas, cars and luxury yachts are increasing one by one. high. Therefore, at the beginning of the 20th century, the aristocratic class experienced varying degrees of marginalization in urban life, and the direct result was the bourgeoisization of social ethics.
The bourgeoisization of social ethics in the early 20th century is a wonderful feature of the Central European monarchies, just like the era to which it belongs. It is actually between the aristocracy's "marriage is a property relationship" and the two An intermediate state between "marriage should be based on affection" which was formed in the second half of the tenth century. The moral values of this era began to increasingly oppose extramarital affairs, but at the same time they insisted on taking property as a prerequisite for marriage. In this era, marriage is still regarded as a business, especially for women who need to pay dowry. In order to avoid risks, people are unwilling to marry their daughters to men who are still doing business, because such people are easy to It drags women into bankruptcy. Therefore, many middle-class people in new cities have to wait until they retire and live purely on property before they can marry a wife of equal status to them. For example, the grandfather of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain married his wife when he retired in his forties and gave birth to the future "Victorian Robespierre" Joseph Chamberlain.
On the one hand, it emphasizes the sanctity of marriage and condemns extramarital affairs, and on the other hand, it continues to defend the marriage method that puts property first. The result is that "morality" at the turn of the century has become more mechanical and rigid than ever before, and has even become more complicated than ever. The law is also a harsh "law". Any behavior that provokes "morality" may lead to social condemnation and retaliation. On the other hand, men in power are violating "morality" in secret. This "crime of hypocrisy" became a part of the life of the upper class in Central European cities at the turn of the century. Great feature. Neue Freie Zeitung, the largest newspaper that plays a decisive role in Vienna life, has become a typical example of the "crime of hypocrisy". The first few pages of this serious newspaper that defends "morality" are usually full of moral sermons, especially articles criticizing "homosexuality". However, the paid advertising column after the main text page usually contains several pages of "men." Masseur" advertisements, newspaper editors and readers all know exactly what services these "masseurs" provide.
This "crime of hypocrisy" has been criticized from all sides, and the most violent critic is undoubtedly Karl Kraus. If the angry critic's attack on the Viennese could be summed up as, "Is there anything else on your mind besides sex? "Then Freud announced in an obscure manner with a scientist's attitude and scientific language, "In fact, what everyone has in their heads is sex in the final analysis! "This completely overturned the moral system of the Viennese people. However, except for seeing Freud for medical treatment, the Viennese pretended not to understand Freud's views on most occasions. This silence caused deep harm to the God of "psychoanalysis". Freud complained that the only official body that recognized his academic status was the Vienna Tax Office, which wrote to Freud saying “Why do you declare so little personal income when you are already world famous? ”
The battle against the evil of hypocrisy was an all-out struggle in Vienna at the beginning of the century. Critics wanted to destroy hypocrisy, architects wanted to destroy decoration, and psychologists declared that man was actually a slave to desire. Not a tool of reason.
Although the prevalence of the sin of hypocrisy and its fierce criticism were an important part of European cultural life at the beginning of the century, in the final analysis it was only part of the "sexual" anxiety that permeated the middle and upper classes in Central European cities. a manifestation. The underlying cause of these debates is the unease that all participants in these debates feel about sexual issues. This uneasiness was not alleviated among men by the "crime of hypocrisy", because according to the relevant provisions of Article 143 of the Prussian Penal Code and Article 175 of the German Imperial Penal Code, homosexuality was not a moral crime at the turn of the century. On the contrary, it was criminal offense.
Homosexuality is one of the quickest and most effective ways for an upper-class man to ruin his entire life. In this era, if a man is proven to be gay, he is basically sentenced to death in social life. In 1908, the Eulenburg scandal caused William II to have an unclear relationship with homosexuality, which almost developed to the point of threatening the throne. Prince Eulenburg, the protagonist of the scandal, never had the opportunity to see his "little one" again. Baby” Kaiser Wilhelm, but he was lucky to live until 1921. Compared with the Kaiser, a close friend, the death of an Austrian student in Berlin in 1904 seemed insignificant. He ordered a glass of milk and a song in a cafe, and drank it with the glass of milk during the climax of the music. Cyanide suicide. Today, the latter's death is much more famous than the famous Eulenburg scandal. The suicide victim had a very famous brother, the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein.
The reason why Rudolf Wittgenstein chose to commit suicide was also the fear of homosexual scandal. He was the son of the Viennese steel magnate Carl Wittgenstein, a typical middle class Viennese. His suicide did not attract widespread social attention, which shows the profound threat that homosexuality poses to middle-class men. And this threat itself became a source of anxiety and fear about homosexuality among middle-class men at the turn of the century.
Driven by this fear and anxiety, the Viennese German literature of this period developed a paranoid focus on sexual issues. This concern is not only reflected in literature, but also in writers' diaries. All these diaries, as well as related actions and comments from others (for example, Musil was considered a "nymphomaniac" by his superiors during the war), are in fact a reaction to their homophobia when facing accusations of homosexuality. self-identification evidence. The difference between "nymphomania," a moral defect, and homosexuality, a criminal offense, is the best explanation for their paranoia.
Women are in a much worse situation than men who take advantage of their advantageous position to have fun but are tortured by homophobia deep down. The bourgeois ethics of this period actually restricted only middle- and upper-class women. Abnormal views on marriage have led to the common situation of old husbands and young wives. After marriage, women are regarded as tools for having children. Once this work is completed, they become household decorations. Although we cannot deny the existence of female winners in life like Alma Schindler, more women are bound by "middle-class morality." Wives did not have much say in a strict fin-de-siècle family, and education made them almost completely obedient to the patriarchal society. The mother of the philosopher Wittgenstein mentioned earlier was suppressed by the Iron King in the family. Even after her husband died, she showed no independence of personality at all.
When these objectively abandoned women became neurotic, emotional, depressed, irritable, and even physically ill due to long-term sexual repression, men in the early twentieth century were not willing to Understand their symptoms from the most obvious perspective. On the contrary, people explain their abnormalities from their own perspectives, and then collectively call them "hysteria". The medical science at that time gave various explanations for hysteria, but they were all unwilling to give obvious reasons out of the "crime of hypocrisy". People just showed them! Doctors simply resorted to "massage therapy" to treat hysteria. At the time this was a public form of treatment, usually done in private. People use every excuse they can find to cover up the reality of hysteria.
When the abnormal state of women became more and more serious, the entire Central European society expressed its opinions on this issue. The most interesting people during this period were three people:
The first was the "genius" who committed suicide in 1903 "Otto Weininger. Weininger believed that there are no absolute men and women, only masculine and feminine characters. He regarded the sexual, emotional, and irrational character as female character; he regarded the rational and creative character as male character. A man can have a female personality and a woman can have a masculine personality. His views caused a sensation after the publication of his book "Sex and Character" in 1902, but he actually caused the most sensation when he committed suicide in 1903 in the room where Beethoven died.
Compared to Weininger, who was only 23 years old, Freud was a normal middle-class Viennese man who fell in love, got married, had children, and lived a standard middle-class life. Therefore, Freud is much more mature and objective than Weininger on this issue. Freud believes that it is not only women, or women with purely feminine personalities, who are dominated by sexual desire. On the contrary, all people, both men and women, are dominated by sexual desire, and emotions are formed from the satisfaction or lack of satisfaction of sexual desire. , and emotions dominate human behavior. This view that attributes the activities of the entire human society to emotions, irrationality and unconsciousness, and even directly attributes them to sexual desire, is more subversive than Weininger. In Weininger's view, there is at least a rational "male character", while Freud declared that there is no rational male character at all, and that everyone is dominated by desire. This subverted the entire foundation of morality, so the Viennese chose to pretend not to see it.
But the person with the most brilliant views on this issue is actually the painter Klimt. Klimt's life can be divided into three stages, the Ringstrasse period, the Secession period and the Golden period. In the first period, Klimt was a typical bourgeois, with a "Ringstrasse style" from theme to style, while in the third period, Klimt was inspired by a series of philosophical and ideological works he published. Frightened by the uproar, he retreated into the role of a craftsman and instead presented himself as a highly skilled artist. But he is different from Weininger and Freud. Weininger constantly thought and discussed sex from a philosophical perspective and Freud from a psychological perspective. For Klimt, it was a part of daily life. , although he never married in his life, the Vienna court recognized more than a dozen illegitimate children for him after his death.
In an era when Klimt liked to express his thoughts through painting, his works expressed the contradiction between the weakness of men and the infinite unsatisfied desires of women in sexual relationships, as well as the consequences of this contradiction. Fear and anxiety in men. In this sense, Klimt was very much like Weininger. But Klimt pointed out that this sense of fear and anxiety, as well as men's admiration and jealousy of women's reproductive capabilities, formed the basis of men's admiration for reason and their persistent pursuit of creation. In this sense, he is very much like Freud. Ed. It is a pity that Klimt expressed his views in a series of public paintings, including the ceiling painting of the University of Vienna, but it was precisely because of this that Klimt became the savior and nobleman of Freud's career.
Schnitzler and Freud are regarded today as two completely unrelated people, but these two men were not only celebrities in Vienna during their lifetimes, but also admired each other. Nitzler was called the Freud of literature, and Freud publicly declared that Schnitzler was the person who best understood him. The two complimented each other and joked with each other for fun.
But these two people have been avoiding each other and avoiding meeting. Because they have so much in common, it's likely they were relieved to find out the other didn't choose their own industry. In fact, it is Professor Freud who should be relieved the most. Because Schnitzler did not choose psychology. As the son of a professor of medicine at the University of Vienna, a Jew who had lived in Vienna's middle-class society since he was a child, Schnitzler's career path was determined by his father - to become a doctor. , I also studied the most popular psychology. As a qualified psychiatrist, Schnitzler's interests are mainly in the field of literature. He can be regarded as a straight male version of Proust without asthma. Freud, who was six years older than Schnitzler, was a provincial Jew like a phoenix. His family moved from Moravia to Vienna. He was the most successful son in a large family, so he had no As free as Schnitzler, his profession is psychology, so his interest must also be psychology.
Both men were keenly aware of the roots of hysteria and were aware of the causes that others refused to answer directly. Schnitzler wrote most about sex in his works. Women suffered from mental breakdown and suicide due to being bullied by men. Women suffered from mental breakdown due to fear of scandal. Schnitzler used literature to answer the root of the "hysteria" problem. That is the subordinate status and abandonment of women, as well as the inequality in sexual issues caused by the "sin of hypocrisy".
Freud was not so subversive. He was a hardworking medical practitioner who had to follow the rules of the game in the medical field. The highest honor for a psychiatrist in the scientific field is to become a professor at the Medical University of Vienna. , only by obtaining this title can it be considered a success. Therefore, Freud could not directly say that "the root of hysteria is that you treat your wife as furniture", nor could he directly point out the root of sexual anxiety like Klimt, the winner in life. Freud took a circuitous route on this issue, claiming that the root of all psychological problems is sexual desire and anxiety about sexual desire. Therefore, he first established a theoretical basis, and then regarded the sexual roots of hysteria as the inevitable result of this law. The conclusion is deduced, which makes it seem much milder. Freud used psychoanalytic methods to successfully treat several upper-class female patients. Considering that other doctors used "massage therapy" while Dr. Freud used psychological counseling, we must admit that Freud did There were two moments.
Because Dr. Freud cured many people of hysteria, he had many upper-class female patients as protectors. However, in the eyes of his colleagues in Vienna, he was still a deviant or a charlatan. Or a thinker dressed as a scientist classified Freud's achievements into the field of thought or philosophy and denied its scientific status. The Department of Medicine at the University of Vienna had recommended Freud as a professor of medicine since 1897, but the Ministry of Culture refused to comment for four full years. Freud has been aggrieved by this. But in fact, the Minister of Education was unwilling to grant Freud the professorship for another reason, because the professorship of medicine at the University of Vienna has always been used by the Ministry of Culture and Education to reward famous doctors who have practiced medicine in public hospitals for a long time and therefore lost their income. A means of compensation, and Freud was a well-paid medical practitioner for most of his time. The Minister of Culture was not willing to waste the limited professorship on Freud. But for the controversial Freud, his position as professor of medicine at the University of Vienna was the best sign of official recognition. Therefore, he was determined to win, so in 1902 Klimt pulled Freud.
Around 1900, with the public exhibition of Klimt's first ceiling painting "Philosophy", the ideas contained in the work immediately caused an uproar. 78 professors from the University of Vienna wrote a letter to the Minister of Education protesting Klimt's works. Baron Halter, the Minister of Education, firmly sided with Klimt, so Klimt remained unmoved and exhibited two other ceiling paintings "Medicine" he created for the University of Vienna in 1901 and 1903 respectively. and Jurisprudence. These two paintings aroused even more fierce criticism than "Philosophy". Even the leader of the Christian Socialist Party and Mayor of Vienna, Karl Ruge, who had become an important party in parliament at that time, also came out to criticize Klimt. Faced with such strong opposition, Baron Halter could only give up his strong stance of supporting Klimt and instead treat the issue coldly. However, the Minister of Education did not want to damage his relationship with Klimt, so he wanted to compensate by donating a famous painting to the Secession Art Museum that was about to open. Of course, the minister will not pay for the painting himself, so he needs help. Freud's female protector generously offered to help the minister obtain the painting, but the condition was that Freud must become a professor. So in 1902, when Klimt was about to retract from the ideological position and return to the role of painter, Freud excitedly wrote in his diary that "the decree was passed and Freud was appointed professor."
Freud is the creator of psychoanalytic theory, but Freud’s thoughts cannot be separated from his era, and researchers of our era tend to ignore this point. Wittgenstein is seen as Zuo was a maverick among the Cambridge academics, a "slightly eccentric" student of Russell, while Freud was a great man who emerged from nowhere. But if we put Wittgenstein in Cambridge and Freud in exile in London back to Vienna, the stage where they formed their own thoughts and opinions, then whether it is their thoughts, their dressing up, or even Freud's beard, It's no longer weird and unique.
Freud came onto the scene in his city as part of an anxious middle-European middle class racked by sins of hysteria and hypocrisy. He felt the general anxiety, observed the problems that caused anxiety, and responded to the concerns of the entire society in his own way from his own academic field. This answer was the starting point of the psychoanalytic theory. And if we can look back to the society in which Freud lived, we will see that including Freud, Karl Kraus, Schnitzler, Klimt, Weininger and even Adolf Loos and a series of middle-class Viennese intellectuals expressed their anger and attack on social ethics and the sin of hypocrisy, as well as their anxiety and thinking about sex itself. In this way we can see a living Freud, not Freud as a god. This book by Ernest Jones is a window between us and Freud in Vienna, allowing us to see the Viennese Professor Freud at 19 Hill Lane Street.
30 classic quotes from Austrian philosopher Otto Weininger
Otto Weininger, Austrian philosopher. In 1903, at the age of twenty-three, he published Sex and Character, a book that would later bring him worldwide fame. However, at this moment, he incredibly shot himself.
1. Many marriages without children are marriages without love.
2. Happiness itself is neither moral nor immoral. Happiness corrupts only when the desire for happiness overcomes the desire for self-worth.
3. The greater he is, the more ruthless he will be, because he has to be true to himself. This is of course true; and in this way, he will often disappoint the people he comes into contact with in daily life. Man cannot match his soaring height, so he wants to tie the eagle to the ground.
4. Men’s desire is cyclical, while women’s desire is continuous.
5. A man in love only loves himself. Love all that he longs to be, all that he should be, that is, his truest, most profound, knowable nature, free from all fetters and inevitable limitations, free from all the stains of the world. He projects onto another person his own ideal, the ideal of a being with absolute value, an ideal that cannot be found within himself.
6. It is impossible for humans to think purely logically. Purely logical thinking should be a characteristic of God.
7. Women do not want to be seen as active actors. She needs to remain completely passive at all times - this is her feminine quality. She needs to feel herself under the will of others.
8. A man’s true psychology is always indifference to the woman he loves. A man does not understand a woman at the moment he loves her, nor does he want to understand her, even though understanding is the only moral basis for human union. A person cannot love someone he fully understands, because if he fully understands a person, he will definitely see the imperfections of the other person, which are an inevitable part of the human individual.
9. There is a sense of respect for serious and important things in a man's natural temperament, and it is those things that make him respected by others.
10. Men who claim to understand women are very similar to women. Feminine men tend to know how to treat women better than masculine men.
11. A woman who can attract other women or be attracted by other women is half a man herself.
12. The importance of a person is exactly equal to the importance he attaches to everything.
13. All beauty is a constantly renewing effort. It strives to embody the highest form of value as much as possible, which contains an extremely satisfying factor. When facing beauty, all desires and self-explorations will disappear.
14. Great people are the most moral to themselves. This statement makes sense. He does not allow alien opinions to be imposed on him because they would greatly cloud his judgment of himself.
15. No one in the transitional stage between freedom and slavery will be happy.
16. Femininity is weakness, and weakness is the means by which women control men. While "men are easily inspected," women do not reveal their secrets.
17. Although great artists have seen the blindness of maternal love, they would rather remain silent about it.
18. The true nature of man is that he will never be changed by education; on the contrary, external influence can teach a woman to suppress the most typical characteristic of her self, that is, her understanding of the true value of sex.
19. The achievements of geniuses are eternal and time cannot change them. Genius confirms his immortality on earth through his works and thus triple transcends time. His integration of all understanding and memory completely prevents his experience from vanishing into thin air, and every passing moment of his experience can remain forever. The birth of a genius does not depend on the times, and the works of a genius will never die.
20. Continuous memory can conquer time and is even a necessary condition for forming the concept of time.
21. Logic is the highest standard. People can use logic to test their own and other people's psychological ideas. When two people discuss anything, the goal is to get the concept, not the various individual expressions of the concept.
22. A genius suffers the most because he can feel everyone’s pain; however, he suffers the most precisely because he understands others.
23. He will be able to choose between two lives: one that will disappear with death; and for the other, death is just a springboard. The pursuit of this perfect, timeless existence is the deepest will in a man's heart, which is full of the desire for immortality.
24. Those who covet power will inevitably have their will restricted.
25. Memory failure is the source of all fallacies in life. Thus, both logic and ethics are based on memory, both disciplines study how to promote truth, and both serve the search for truth.
26. Only people who can distort facts can lie, although these people may also have advanced knowledge and awareness.
27. Happiness is the pinnacle of perfection, and men never feel this way. But some women think they are perfect.
28. To show disrespect to a person is to ignore him, but to show respect to a person is to get along well with him.
29. Human beings themselves are the whole, so they are different from parts, which rely on other parts to exist.
30. No one can understand himself, because in order to understand himself, the subject's cognitive activities and will activities must become the object of the subject.
The above is all about Weininger's sex and character, Otto's famous sayings, and Weininger's related content. I hope it can help you.